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Pathology Exam 3 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine disorders

A 
Hyperpituitarism
Hyperthyroidism 
Hypothyroidism 
Hyperparathyroidism
Diabetes mellitus 
Addison disease
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2
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

A group of integrated glands and cells that secrete hormones

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3
Q

Endocrine disorders can result from what?

A

Too much or too little hormone production
Gland dysfunction
A problem with hormone control and production

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4
Q

What is hyperpituitarism?

A

Excess hormone production by the anterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

What is hyperpituitarism caused by?

A

A benign tumor called a pituitary adenoma, that produces growth hormone

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6
Q

What results when hyperpituitarism occurs before the closure of long bones?

A

Gigantism

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7
Q

What results when hypersecretion occurs during adult life?

A

Acromegaly

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8
Q

Who does hyperpituitarism affect?

A

Men and women in their 40’s

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9
Q

What are the clinics features and oral manifestations of hyperpituitarism?

A 
Poor vision
Enlarged hands and feet
Increased rib size
Enlargement of maxilla and mandible 
Enlargement of nasal bones 
Voice deepening bc of enlarged sinus 
May have thick lips and macroglossia
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10
Q

What disease is hyperthyroidism associated with?

A

Graves disease

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11
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Excess production of thyroid hormone

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12
Q

An autoimmune disorder that most commonly causes hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease

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13
Q

Who is hyperthyroidism more common in?

A

Women in their 30s and 40s

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14
Q

A significant clinical characteristic often seen in patients with Graves’ disease

A

Exopthalmos (protrusion of eyeballs)

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15
Q

Oral manifestations of hyperthyroidism

A

Premature exfoliation of deciduous teeth and premature eruption of permanent teeth
Osteoporosis may affect alveolar bone
Caries and perio develops more rapidly
Burning tongue

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16
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

A decreased output of thyroid hormone

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17
Q

Infancy and childhood hypothyroidism

A

Cretinism

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18
Q

Hypothyroidism I’m older children and adults

A

Myxedema

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19
Q

Hypothyroidism oral manifestations in infants

A

Thickened lips
Enlarged tongue
Delayed eruption of teeth

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20
Q

Oral manifestation of hypothyroidism in adults

A

Enlarged tongue

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21
Q

Most commonly prescribed hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism

A

Levothyoxine

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22
Q

A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels

A

Diabetes mellitus

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23
Q

High blood glucose levels

A

Hyperglycemia

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24
Q

What does diabetes mellitus result from?

A

A lack of insulin, defective insulin that does not work to lower blood glucose levels, or increased insulin resistance caused by obesity

25
Q

What system is the most severely affected by diabetes?

A

Vascular

26
Q

Clinical features of NIDDM

A 
Decreased resistance to infection
Skin infections: furuncles 
UTI’s
Tuberculosis 
Blindness
Can affect nervous system 
Atherosclerosis
27
Q

A thickening of the blood vessel wall from fibrofatty plaques, can easily to impaired circulation, causing impaired oxygenation and nutrition in tissue

A

Atherosclerosis

28
Q

Uncontrolled diabetes =

A

Uncontrolled periodontal conditions

29
Q

What is Addison disease?

A

Insufficient production of adrenal steroids

30
Q

What are the causes of adrenal gland destruction?

A 
Malignant tumor
TB
deep fungal infections
HIV 
Autoimmune disease
Unknown
31
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Addison disease?

A

Stimulation of melanocytes

Bronze skin and macular on oral mucosa

32
Q

Treatment of Addison disease

A

Steroid replacement therapy

33
Q

Clinical features of Addison disease do not appear until how much of the adrenal gland has been destroyed?

A

90%

34
Q

What is hypercortisolism known as?

A

Cushing syndrome

35
Q

What is Cushing syndrome caused by?

A

Sustained increase in glucocorticosteroid levels

36
Q

What is the most significant and obvious clinical feature of Cushing syndrome?

A

Weight gain

37
Q

Do the signs for Cushing syndrome develop fast or slow?

A

Slow

38
Q

What are blood disorders?

A

Disorders of red blood cells and hemoglobin
Disorders of white blood cells
Bleeding disorders

39
Q

A reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood that is most often related to a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells

A

Anemia

40
Q

Clinical signs of anemia

A

Pallor of skin and oral mucosa
Angular cheilitis
Erythema and atrophy of oral mucosa
Loss of filiform and fungiform papillae on dorsum of tongue

41
Q

An insufficient amount of iron is supplied to bone marrow for RBC development

A

Iron deficiency anemia

42
Q

Possible causes for iron deficiency anemia

A

Deficient iron intake
Blood loss from menstrual bleeding or chronic GI bleeding
Poor iron absorption
Pregnancy or infancy

43
Q

Caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor

A

Pernicious anemia

44
Q

Which anemia is probably an autoimmune disorder?

A

Pernicious anemia

45
Q

What vitamin is needed for DNA synthesis?

A

B12

46
Q

What is folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia associated with?

A

Malnutrition
Dietary deficiencies
Increased metabolic requirements
may be found with alcoholism or pregnancy

47
Q

An inherited blood disorder predominantly in black individuals or those of Mediterranean or Asian origin. More common in women before age 30. RBCs in a sickle shape

A

Sickle cell anemia

48
Q

What can oral cancer be treated with?

A

Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Or a combo

49
Q

When does mucositis begin?

A

About the second week of radiation therapy and subsides a few weeks after its completion

50
Q

Mucositis features

A

Painful
Erythematous and ulcerated mucosa
Pts may have difficulty eating, pain on swallowing, and loss of taste

51
Q

Destruction of major salivary glands (may result in xerostomia)
Pts are prone to rampant caries and oral candidiasis and osteoradionecrosis

A

Radiation therapy

52
Q

Drugs for this cancer therapy affect nasal cells of the epithelium
Mucositis and oral ulceration are common complications
A decrease in all blood cells may occur

A

Chemotherapy

53
Q

Lowered RBC count can lead to

A

Anemia

54
Q

Lowered WBC count can lead to

A

Infections

55
Q

Lowered platelet counts can lead to

A

Bleeding problems

56
Q

Suppresses the immune system and can lead to candidiasis and oral infections

A

Prednisone

57
Q

Which drugs can cause gingival enlargement?

A

Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Nifedipine (Procardia)
Cyclosporine

58
Q

What is a complication associated with bisphosphonate therapy?

A

Osteonecrosis

59
Q

Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw may be considered if

A

Current or previous treatment with antiresorptive or antiangiogenic agent
Exposed bone or bone that can be proved through a fistula in maxillofacial region that has persisted at least 8 weeks
No history of radiation therapy to jaws

Pathology Exam 3 (6 decks)

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