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BIO160 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Coordinates and directs the activity pf the body’s cells

A

Endocrine and Nervous system

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2
Q

“built for speed”

A

Nervous system

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3
Q

The major processes Endocrine control are

A 
Reproduction
Growth and development
Mobilizing body defenses against stress
Maintaining electrolytes, water and nutrient balance of the blood
Regulating cellular metabolism
Energy balance
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4
Q

Scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs is called

A

Endocrinology

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5
Q

Although many different hormones are produced, nearly all of them can be classified chemically as either

A

amino acid based molecules or steroids

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6
Q

Steroid hormones are made from

A

cholestrol

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7
Q

Gonads

A

ovaries and testes

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8
Q

Steroid hormones include

A

sex hormones made by gonads and the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

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9
Q

Local hormones

A

Prostaglandins

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10
Q

Prostaglandins are made from

A

highly active lipids released from nearly all cell membranes.

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11
Q

A given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs, referred to as its

A

target cell or target organs

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12
Q

Hormone comes from the Greek word meaning

A

to arouse

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13
Q

Only 2 mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in cells

A

Steroidal hormones

Thyroid Hormones

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14
Q

Water soluble, non-steroidal hormones, which are unable to enter the target cells

A

Protein and peptide hormones

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15
Q

Protein and peptide hormones, what do they?

A

They bind to hormone receptors situated on the target cell’s plasma membrane and utilize a second messenger system

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16
Q

Ceif means of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormones

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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17
Q

The stimuli that activate the endocrine organs fall into 3 major categories

A

Hormonal
Humoral
Neural

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18
Q

Most common stimulus is a

A

Hormonal stimulus, in which endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones

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19
Q

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients may also stimulate hormone release, such stimuli are also referred to as

A

Humoral stimuli

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20
Q

Bloodborne chemicals

A

Hormonal stimuli

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21
Q

The word humor indicates

A

various body fluids

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22
Q

In isolated cases, nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and the the target cells are said to respond to

A

neural stimuli

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23
Q

Ex of Neural stimuli

A

sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the adrenal medulla to release norepinephrine and epinephrine during periods of stress

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24
Q

Major endocrine organs

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pineal glands
gonads
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25
Q

Part of NS, major Endocrine organ, produces several organs

A

Hypothalamus

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26
Q

Function of hormone producing glands is purely

A

endocrine

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27
Q

Function of non hormone producing glands is

A

mixed- both endocrine and exocrine

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28
Q

Endocrine glands are

A

ductless glands, that produce hormones that they release into the blood or lymph

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29
Q

Endocrine glands have a

A

rich blood supply

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30
Q

Exocrine glands release their products at

A

the body’s surface or into body cavities through cavitie

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31
Q

Pituitary glans is surrounded by what?

A

“Turk’s saddle” of the sphenoid bone

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32
Q

2 functional lobes or pituitary glands

A 
anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)
posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)
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33
Q

Growth hormone and prolactin exert their major roles on

A

nonendocrine targets

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34
Q

thyrotropic, adrenocorticotropic and the 2 gonadotropic hormones are all

A

tropic hormones

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35
Q

all anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • are proteins or peptides
  • act through 2nd membrane systems
  • are regulated by hormonal stimuli and in most cases negative feedback
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36
Q

General metabolic hormone

A

Growth hormone GH

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37
Q

GH’s major effects are directed to the growth of

A

skeletal muscles and long bones of the body, which determines the final body size

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38
Q

if untreated, both deficits and excess of GH, may result in

A

structural abnormalities

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39
Q

Hyposecreation of GH during childhood leads to

A

pituitary dwarfism

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40
Q

Hypersecreation during childhood leads to

A

gigantism

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41
Q

If hypersecretion occurs after long bone growth has ended,

A

acromegaly results

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42
Q

Thickening of soft tissues leads to

A

coarse or malformed facial features

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43
Q

Most cases of hypersecreation ny endocrine organs (pituitary and the other endocrine organs) result from

A

tumors of the affected gland

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44
Q

Protein hormone structurally similar to growth hormone

A

Prolactin PRL

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45
Q

target of prolactin

A

breast

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46
Q

After birth what does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates and maintains milk production by the mother’s breasts

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47
Q

Regulates the endrocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

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48
Q

Influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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49
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is also called

A

Thyrotropic hormone (TH)

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50
Q

Regulate the hormonal activity of the gonads

A

Gonadotropic

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51
Q

In women, what stimulates follicle development in the ovaries

A

the gonadotropin follicle-stimulating hormones FSH

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52
Q

As the FSH mature, they produce

A

estrogen and eggs are readied for ovulation

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53
Q

in men, FHS stimulates sperm development by the

A

testes

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54
Q

Triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen

A

Luteinizing hormone LH

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55
Q

in men LH stimulates

A

testosterone production by the interstitial cells of the testes

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56
Q

Hyposecreation of FSH or LH leads to

A

sterility in both male and females

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57
Q

Tropic hormone

A

stimulate certain endocrine organs to secret their hormones

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58
Q

Anterior pituitary gland controls

A

“master endocrine gland”

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59
Q

releasing or inhibiting hormones are produced by

A

inhibiting hormones

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60
Q

hypothalamus makes 2 additional hormones

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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61
Q

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are transported along the axons of the

A

hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

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62
Q

posterior pituitary is not an endocrine gland because

A

it does not make the peptide hormones it releases

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63
Q

posterior pituitary acts as a

A

storage area for hormones made by hypothalamic neurons

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64
Q

What is released significantly only during childbirth and in nursing women?

A

Oxytocin

65
Q

Functions of oxytocin

A
  • stimulates powerful contractions of the uterine muscle during labor, during sexual relations, during breastfeeding.
  • Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
66
Q

Used to induce labor

A

Natural and synthetic oxytocic drugs (pitocin and others)

67
Q

Used to stop postpartum bleeding and to stimulate the milk ejection

A

Oxytocics

68
Q

2nd hormone released by the posterior pituitary is

A

antidiuretic hormone ADH

69
Q

urine production

A

diuresis

70
Q

function of ADH?

A

prevent urine production

71
Q

Increases blood pressure by causing constriction of the aeterioles (small arteries)

A

ADH

72
Q

Why is ADH called vasopressin?

A

it raises blood pressure

73
Q

Results in output of large amounts of urine

A

Drinking alcohol beverages inhibit ADH secretion

74
Q

Hyposecretion of ADH leads to a condition of excessive urine output called

A

diabetes insipidus

75
Q

People with diabetes insipidus are

A

continually thirsty and drink huge amounts of water

76
Q

Imbalances that lead to excessive weight gain or loss are only present in a small number of people

A

Thyroid gland

77
Q

Thyroid gland makes 2 hormones

A

thyroid hormones and calcitonin

78
Q

calcitonin are produced by the

A

parafollicular cells

79
Q

Internally thyroid glands is composed of hollow structures called

A

follicles, which store a sticky colloidal material.

80
Q

Thyroid hormone is referred to as the

A

body’s major metabolic hormone,

81
Q

Thyroid hormone is actually 2 active iodine containing hormone

A

thyroxine t4 and triiodothyrronine t3.

82
Q

Major hormone secreted by the thyroid follicles

A

Thyrozine

83
Q

Thyroid hormone controls

A

the rate at which glucose is burned or oxidized and converted to body heat and chemical energy

84
Q

All body cells dpend on what to power their activities

A

continuous supply of chemical energy

85
Q

Thyroid hormone is also important for normal

A

tissue growth and development, especially in the reproductive and nervous systems

86
Q

Without iodine

A

functional hormones cannot be made

87
Q

Enlargement of the tyroid gland that result when the diet is deficient in iodine

A

Goiter

88
Q

Hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood, the result is

A

cretinism

89
Q

Cretinism results in

A

dwarfism in which adult body proportions remain childlike

90
Q

Untreated people with cretinism are

A

mentally retarded

91
Q

Hypothyroidism occurring in aults results in

A

myxedema

92
Q

Hypothyroidism results from a

A

tumor of the thyroid gland

93
Q

Extreme over production of thyroxine results in a

A 
high basal metabolic rate
intolerance to heat
rapid heartbeat
weight loss
nervous and agitated behavior
94
Q

One form of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

95
Q

2nd important hormone product of the thyroid gland

A

calcitonin, decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited in the bones

96
Q

Calcitonin is made by the

A

so called parafollicular cells

97
Q

parafollicular cells are found in the connective tissue between

A

the follicles

98
Q

Tiny masses of glandular tissue most often found on the posterior surface of the thyroid

A

parathyroid glands

99
Q

Parathyroids secrete

A

parathyroid hormone PTH or parathormone, most important regulator of calcium iron

100
Q

When blood calcium levels drop

A

osteoclasts are released

101
Q

PTH is a

A

hypercalcemic hormone (that is it acts to increase blood levels of calcium)

102
Q

calcitonin is a

A

hypocalcemic hormone

103
Q

PTH stimulates

A

skeleton (major target)
kidneys
intestine

104
Q

When blood calcium levels fall too low, neurons become

A

extremely irritable and overactive

105
Q

tetany

A

uncontrollable spams

106
Q

Severe hhyperparathyroidism causes

A

massive bone destruction

107
Q

Curve over the top of the kidneys; bean shaped

A

adrenal glands

108
Q

Adrenal gland is actually

A

structurally and functionally 2 endocrine organs in one

109
Q

Much like the pituitary gland, adrenal gland has

A

glandular (cortex) and neural tissue (medulla)

110
Q

Central medulla region is enclosed by the

A

adrenal cortex, which contains 3 separate layers of cells

111
Q

Adrenal cortex produces 3 major groups of

A

steroid hormones

112
Q

3 major groups of steroid hormones produced by adrenal cortex

A

corticosteroids
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones

113
Q

Produced by the outermost adrenal cortex cell layer

A

Minerolocorticoids, mainly aldosterone

114
Q

Mineralocorticoids are important in

A

regulating the mineral or salt content of the blood, particularly the concentrations of sodium and potassium ions.

115
Q

Target of Mineralocorticoids

A

Kidney tubule

116
Q

When blood levels of aldosterone rise,

A

the kidney tubule cell reclaim increasing amounts of sodium ions and secrete more potassium ions into the urine

117
Q

The release of aldosterone is stimulated by

A

humoral factors

118
Q

Enzyme produced by the kidney when blood pressure drops

A

Renin

119
Q

What causes angiotensis II

A

release of aldosterone by triggering a series of reactions

120
Q

A potent stimulator of aldosterone release

A

angiotensis II

121
Q

Hormone released by heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

122
Q

The middle cortical layer mainly produces

A

glucocorticoids

123
Q

glucocorticoids include

A

cortisone and cortisol

124
Q

glucocorticoids promote

A

normal cell metabolism and help the body to resist long term stressors, primarily by increasing blood glucose levels

125
Q

glucocorticoids are said to be

A

hyperglycemic hormones

126
Q

pain causing molecules

A

prostaglandis

127
Q

adrenal cortex produces

A

both male and female sex hormones

128
Q

The bulk of the sex hormones produced by the innermost cortex layer are

A

androgens (male sex hormone)

129
Q

regulate the metabolic activity of other cells

A

hormones

130
Q

all nonsteroidal hormones are

A

acid derivatives

131
Q

steroid hormones can diffuse through the

A

plasma membrane of their target cell

132
Q

regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland

A

adrenocorticotropic

133
Q

the thyroid gland enlarges and the eyes may bulge or protrude anteriorly

A

exophthalmos

134
Q

peculiar bronze tone of the skin

A

addison’s disease

135
Q

Hypersecreation problems may result from an

A

ACTH releasing tumor of the pituitary or from adreanal cortical tumors

136
Q

hyperactivity of the outermost cortical area results in

A

hyperaldosteronism

137
Q

develops from a knot of nervous system

A

adrenal medulla

138
Q

when medulla is stimulated it receives 2 hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

139
Q

another word for epinephrine

A

adrenaline

140
Q

more important in helping the body to cope with prolonged or continuing stressors

A

glucocorticoids

141
Q

glucocorticoids operates

A

during resistance stage

142
Q

hypersecreation of catecholamines leads to symptoms similar to;

what are they?

A

sympathetic nervous system

rapidly beating heart, high blood pressure

143
Q

best hidden endocrine glands in the body

A

pancreatic islets

144
Q

pancreatic islets are also called

A

islets of Langerhans

145
Q

exocrine part of the pancreas

A

digestive system

146
Q

high levels of glucose in the blood stimulates the release of

A

insulin from the beta cell

147
Q

when large amounts of fats are used for energy the blood becomes

A

very acidic

148
Q

intermediate products of fat breakdown

A

ketones

149
Q

excessive urination to flush out the glucose and ketones

A

polyuria

150
Q

excessive thirst resulting from water loss

A

polydipsia

151
Q

hunger due to inability to use sugars and loss of fat and proteins

A

polyphagia

152
Q

those with wild cases of diabetes mellitus produce

A

insulin

153
Q

sleep trigger

A

melatonin

154
Q

bring about menstrual cycle

A

progesterone

155
Q

prepare breast for lactation

A

human placental lactogen

156
Q

causes mother’s pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax and become more flexible

A

relaxin

157
Q

pineal gland is entirely

A

neural tissue

158
Q

in late middle ages the efficiency of the ovaries begins to decline, causing

A

menopause

BIO160 (3 decks)

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