Chapter 9

Question 1

What is heredity

Answer 1

Heredity is transmission of traits from one generation to another

Question 2

Genetics

Answer 2

Scientific study of heredity

Question 3

Character

Answer 3

Heritable feature which varies among individuals

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

A sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein

Question 5

Trait

Answer 5

Particular variants of a character

Question 6

Allele

Answer 6

Alternative forms of a gene located same place on chromosome

Question 7

What was Mendels experimental system and why was it useful

Answer 7

He described that traits are inherited through discrete particles of inheritance that are unchanged from generation to generation

Question 8

What is P

Answer 8

Parental

Travel to all parts Sperm and egg

Question 9

True breeding

Answer 9

Repeated self mating or sibling mating produce a trait like the parents every time

Question 10

Self fertilization

Answer 10

Mating within an individual

Question 11

Cross fertilization

Answer 11

Mating between individuals

Question 12

F1

Answer 12

Off spring are a mixture of mother and father

Question 13

F2

Answer 13

Product of F1 individuals mating

Question 14

Does a Punnett square tell you exactly what you will get from a cross

Answer 14

No it does not gives you a prediction

Question 15

What is a dominant allele and a recessive allele

Answer 15

Dominant is the uppercase

Recessive is lowercase

Question 16

What is homozygous v. Heterozygous

Answer 16

Heterozygous describes an allele with differing gene pair

Homozygous refers to an allele with identical genes

Question 17

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype

Answer 17

Genotype is the allele

Phenotype is the characteristics of the allele

Question 18

What is mendels principle segregation

Answer 18

Alleles for a character are separated by gamete formation and repaired by fertilization
A pair of alleles from each parent to offspring

Question 19

What is mendels principle of independent assortment

Answer 19

Genes do not communicate with each other when their alleles segregate

Question 20

How do we determine the probability of independent events occurring by applying the rules of multiplying and adding

Answer 20

Multiplication - probability of two independent events both happening “AND “ is the probability of first event times plus probability of the second

Adding- probability an event happens in two different ways “OR” is the probability of first events plus probability of the second

Question 21

Why did Mendel need large samples

Answer 21

The more samples the more a probabilistic process will conform to the expected probability
He had to know the true proportions of the phenotype

Question 22

What does a statistical test tell you

Answer 22

It determines if observed numbers match up with predicted values

Question 23

Why are disease alleles that interfere with reproduction more likely to be recessive

Answer 23

Because their has to be two copies for the offspring to acquire the disease allele

Question 24

Explain the chromosome theory inheritance

Answer 24

Independent assortment - these two homologous chromosomes carry different alleles, and they separate from each other during meiosis 1

Question 25

Incomplete dominance

Answer 25

One allele is not completely dominant over the other, resulting in an immediate phenotype

Question 26

How does it work when you see multiple alleles for the same gene with codominance

Answer 26

You use “ I” or “ I”

E.g. IA IA

Question 27

What is pleiotropy

Answer 27

One gene influences more than one trait

Question 28

What kinds of traits tend to be polygenic

Answer 28

Skin color

Question 29

What is linkage between genes

Answer 29

Genes that are physically close on the chromosome usually inherited together

Question 30

How do you determine recombination frequency

Answer 30

> 50 when genes are not liked