Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

the region labeled “A” in figure 9-1 is called the :

a. centromere
b. centriole
c. sister chromatid
d. spindle

A

The region labeled “A” in figure 9-1 is called the a. centromere

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2
Q

The structures labeled “B” in figure 9-1 are called

a. centromeres
b. centrioles
c. sister chromatids
d. spindles

A

The structures labeled “B” in figure 9-1 are called c. sister chromatids

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3
Q

During which phases of mitosis are structures like the one shown in Figure 9-1 visible?

a. anaphase and prophase
b. prophase and metaphase
c. metaphase only
d. anaphase and interphase

A

During which phases of mitosis are structures like the one shown in Figure 9-1 visible?

b. prophase and metaphase

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4
Q

which event occurs during the interphase?

a. The cell carries out metabolic processes
b. Centrioles appear
c. Spindle fibers begin to form
d. Centromeres divide

A

during the interphase the event that occurs is: a. The cell carries out metabolic processes

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5
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement about the events of the cell cycle?

a. Little happens during the G1 and G2 phases
b. DNA replicates during cytokinesis
c. The M phase is usually the longest phase
d. Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases

A

The correct statement about the events of the cell cycle has to do with the interphase.. d. The Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases

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6
Q

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?

a. prophase
b. telophase
c. metaphase
d. anaphase

A

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell? The c. metaphase, is the phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell.

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7
Q

One difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have

a. centrioles
b. centromeres
c. a cell plate
d. chromatin

A

One difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have c. a cell plate

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8
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

a. an accumulation of centrioles
b. a mass of cancer cells
c. the rapidly dividing cells found at the site of the wound d. an abnormal mass of essentially normal cells

A

A malignant tumor is b. a mass of cancer cells

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9
Q

Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of

a. diploid cells
b. haploid cells
c. 2n daughter cells
d. body cells

A

Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of b. haploid cells

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10
Q

Crossing over rarely occurs in mitosis, unlike meiosis. Which of the following is the likely result?

a. Chromatoids are not involved in mitosis
b. Tetrads rarely form durung mitosis
c. A cell undergoing mitosis does not have homologous chromosomes
d. There is no prophase during mitosis

A

Crossing over rarely occurs in mitosis, unlike meiosis. Which of the following is the likely result? b. Tetrads rarely form durung mitosis

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11
Q

true or false Reproduction by simple cell division is called sexual reproduction, whereas the process in which two parents contribute genetic material is called asexual reproduction.

A

false !!!!!!!! its the other way around! Reproduction by simple cell division is called asexual reproduction. when two parents contribute genetic material, this is called sexual reproduction.

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12
Q

look at figure 9-1 on page 120 true or false? the structure in 9-1 is a duplicated chromosome

A

True! This figure is a duplicated chromosome

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13
Q

true or false? A cell splits into two daughter cells during cytokenesis

A

this is True! A cell does split into two daughter cells during cytokenesis

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14
Q

true or false homologous chromosomes are the two sets of chromosomes found in the body . one set is from the male parent, and the other from the female parent

A

this is true!!!!!!!!!! in the homologous chromosomes, one set is from the male parent, and the other from the female parent

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15
Q

true or false. mitosis results in two cells, whereas meiosis results in one cell.

A

this is false!!! mitosis results in two cells, but meiosis results in FOUR cells!

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16
Q

During metaphase, each chromosome is connected to a —————-?

A

during metaphase each chromosome is connected to a spindle microtubule.

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17
Q

during ———–, the nucleus of duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly distributed forming to daughter nuclei?

A

during mitosis, the nucleus and the duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly distributed forming two daughter nuclei

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18
Q

look at figure 9-3 on page 120. The process shown in this figure occurs only in what kind of cells that have just divided?

A

look at figure 9-3 on page 120. The process shown in this figure occurs only in PLANT CELLS that have just divided.

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19
Q

look on page 120 figure 9-3. The structure labeled “A” in the figure is called what?

A

on page 120 figure 9-3 the structure labeled “A “ in the figure is called the cell plate

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20
Q

on page 120 look at figure 9-3 again. the process shown occurs directly following mitosis. this process is called what???????

A

on page 120 figure 9-3 the process shown occurs directly following mitosis. this process is known as the cytokinesis.

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21
Q

do you have a short answer to this ? how does Cell production contribute to repair and growth?

A

Cell production contributes to repair and growth this way…… when you have an injury your body will produce the cells that heal the world all of the cells in your body is also a result of new cells are produced by cell reproduction

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22
Q

do you have a short answer for this? what is the difference between chromatids and chromatin?

A

The difference between Chromotids and chromatin is that chromatids are two identical DNA strands that are joined by a centromere chromogen is the material that makes up the chromosomes this material is DNA and proteins

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23
Q

How are homologous chromosomes alike? How are they different?

A

Homologous chromosomes are similar in size and in shape. their genes are in the same order and they control the same inherited characteristics. however, the two genes may be slightly different versions.

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24
Q

how many sets of chromosomes are in a diploid cell?

A

A diploid has two sets of chromosomes?

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25
Q

how does crossing over contribute to genetic. Variation? in your answer use the term genetic recombination.

A

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. During crossing over, segments of two chromatids can be exchanged at one or more sites. Crossing over Can produce A single, so it contains a new conversation of genetic information from different parents. This new combination of genetic information is called genetic recombination.

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26
Q

look on page 120 to figure 9-4. what is the chromosome diploid number of cells shown in this figure?

A

on page 122 a chromosome diploid number of the cell is 4!

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27
Q

looking at the figure on page 122 how do you know if this is an animal cell or a plant cell what does the figure represent?

A

The figure on page 122 shows different stages of mitosis and it is in animal song the reason you know it’s an animal cell because it has centrioles and because of the shape of the cell.

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28
Q

on page 122 and with that in the figure the structure that’s labeled X and Y represents what?

A

on page 122 configure a shows X as the centriole and Y as the spindle fiber

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29
Q

The figure on page 122 shows the different stages of mitosis in an animal cell. what’s the right order for those stages? list by letter.

A

The right order for the steps in the mitosis process is DACB.

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30
Q

on page 122 the different figures shown out of the steps and the mitosis process if they were arranged in the right order what with the picture of the next step show? write the word for it and space draw it somewhere.

A

if these were arranged in the right order the next step would be cytokinesis the picture will show two daughter cells forming.

31
Q

on page 122 which stage is being shown in the diagram C?

A

diagram C in the mitosis process is showing the anaphase step.

32
Q

what are the main events of the cell cycle? Illustrate the description of the diagram of the cell cycle. look at page 183 in the student text and take a picture of 9-5 and attach it here.

A

and the main events of the cell cycle . interphase consists of the G1 phase the S phase and the G2 phase. During the G1 phase of the cell grows. During the S-phase the genetic material duplicates. During the G2 phase the cell prepares to divide. The M face or myoptic phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Look at page 183 on your text for a drawing of how this works it is figure 9-5

33
Q

what happens during the four stages of mitosis?

A

The four stages of mitosis are 1. prophase-the chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down. 2. Metaphase -the chromosomes line up across the middle of the song and each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber. 3. Anaphase -sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes. 4. Telophase -chromosomes move to opposite sides of the dividing cell and two new nuclear envelopes form.

34
Q

how can cancer be treated at the cellular level?

A

cancer can be treated at the cellular level using radiation therapy. when we expose cancerous tumors to radiation it disrupts the division of cells. Chemo therapy uses drugs that can disrupt cell division. Because cancer cells divide more than other cells these two ways can often destroy the cancer without causing great damage to normal cells.

35
Q

why are daughter cells produced by meiosis usually different from each other windows produced by mitosis or not?

A

during meiosis pairs of homologous chromosomes in the parent cell form tetrads and then they separate so each daughter cell receives only one chromosome from each homologous pair and the particular chromosomes that it receives are random. What happens then is that each daughter cell has A different combination of chromosomes. Crossing over occurs during meiosis and this can cause new combinations of AL L EL ES on the chromosomes in the daughter cells. It’s different during mitosis because homologous chromosomes usually don’t form tetrads in separate so crossing over usuallydoesn’t happen.

36
Q

which of the following is NOT a correct statement about events in the cell cycle?

a. interphase is usually the longest phase
b. DNA replicates during the S phase
c. cell division and with cytokinesis
d. the cell grows during the G2 phase

A

this is NOT a correct statement about events in the cell cycle? d. the cell grows during the G2 phase

37
Q

when during the cell cycle is a cells DNA replicated?

a. G1 phase
b. G2 phase
c. S phase
d. M phase

A

a cells DNA is replicated during the c. S phase

38
Q

which of the following is a phase in the cell cycle?

a. G1 phase
b. G2 phase
c. M phase
d. all the above

A

which of the following is a phase in the cell cycle? d. all the above

39
Q

The stage of cell division in which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called what?

a. miotic phase
b. metaphase
c. interphase
d. mitosis

A

The stage of cell division in which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called the a. miotic phase

40
Q

Ther cell cycle is the:

a. series of events that cells go through from “birth” to reproduction.
b. period of time between the birth and the death of a cell. c. time from prophase until cytokinesis.
d. time it takes for one cell to undergo mitosis.

A

The cell cycle is the: a. series of events that cells go through from “birth” to reproduction.

41
Q

The two main stages of the mitotic phase are called:

a. mitosis and interphase
b. telophase and cytokinesis
c. the M phase and the S phase
d. cytokinesis and mitosis

A

The two main stages of the mitotic phase are called: d. cytokinesis and mitosis

42
Q

Which of the following is a phase of mitosis?

a. cytokinesis
b. interphase
c. prophase
d. S phase

A

Which of the following is a phase of mitosis? c. prophase

43
Q

The first phase of mitosis is called:

a. prophase
b. anaphase
c. metaphase
d. interphase

A

The first phase of mitosis is called: a. prophase

44
Q

Cancer is a disease in which some cells lose the ability to control their

a. size
b. spindle fibers
c. rate of division
d. surface area

A

Cancer is a disease in which some cells lose the ability to control their c. rate of division

45
Q

Unlike mitosis, meiosis usually results in the formation of:

a. genetically identical cells
b. four genetically different cells
c. four genetically identical cells
d. two genetically different cells

A

Unlike mitosis, meiosis usually results in the formation of: b. four genetically different cells

46
Q

Gametes are produced by the process of:

a. mitosis
b. meiosis
c. crossing-over
d. replication

A

Gametes are produced by the process of: b. meiosis

47
Q

Look at figure 9-2 on page 127 What is shown there?

a. independent assortment
b. anaphase 1 of meiosis
c. crossing over
d. replication

A

Look at figure 9-2 on page 127 What is shown there? c. crossing over

48
Q

True or False, Most of a cells growth takes place during the G2 phase of the cell cycle

A

FALSE – Most of a cells growth takes place during the G1 phase of the cell cycle, NOT the G2.

49
Q

True or False? A cell’s chromosomes are duplicated through interphase.

A

It’s all True! A cell’s chromosomes are duplicated through interphase.

50
Q

True or False? Typically, the longest phase of mitosis is the metaphase.

A

This is False! Typically, the longest phase of mitosis is the Prophase, NOT metaphase.

51
Q

True or False? Cancer is a disease caused by the severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle.

A

This is True ! Cancer is a disease caused by the severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle.

52
Q

True or False? If an organism has 16 chromosomes in each of its egg cells, the organisms diploid’s number is 32.

A

This is True !!!! If an organism has 16 chromosomes in each of its egg cells, the organisms diploid’s number is 32.

53
Q

A cell that has 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have ???????? chromatids in the G2 phase.

A

A cell that has 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have 10 chromatids in the G2 phase.

54
Q

Together, the G1 phase, the S phase and the G2 phase are called, WHAT???????

A

Together, the G1 phase, the S phase and the G2 phase are called, INTERPHASE.

55
Q

In the disease ?????, the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle are disrupted.

A

In the disease CANCER, the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle are disrupted

56
Q

An organisms’s gametes have ??????? the number of chromosomes found in the organisms’s body cells.

A

An organisms’s gametes have HALF the number of chromosomes found in the organisms’s body cells.

57
Q

Crossing over occurs during the state of meiosis called, WHAT??????

A

Crossing over occurs during the state of meiosis called, PROPHASE I

58
Q

Describe how a plant cell produces a new cell wall during cytokinesis.

A

This is how a plant cell produces a new cell well during cytokinesis: A cell plate forms in the cytoplasm, midway between each new nucleus, then the cell plate slowly changes into a separating cell wall.

59
Q

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

A

This is how cencel cells are different than normal cells, they have a severe disruption of the mechanisms that usually control the cell cycle, so they form tumors and can spread through the whole body.

60
Q

What could happen if gametes of a species had the same number of chromosomes as the species’ body cells?

A

If gametes of a specials had the same number of chromosomes as the species’ body cells, that would mean that when the gametes fused during fertilization, the offspring would have more chromosomes than their parents– this means that species’ chromosome number wouldn’t be constant.

61
Q

What happens to the number of chromosomes per cell during meiosis?

A

During meiosis, the number of chromosomes per cell if cut in HALF.

62
Q

Contrast the cells produced by mitosis with those produced by meiosis.

A

The difference is that mitosis produces diploid body cells, but meiosis produced HAPLOID GEMETES.

63
Q

See diagram 9-5 on page 130 Compare how cancer cells are different from normal cells, and tell how it’s shown in the two figures.

A

Figure A shows how the cells are out of control and have formed into a tumor, because the cells are dividing too fast; and disrupting the cells next to them. They don’t respond to the signals that manage growth properly.

64
Q

In figure A in 9-5 on page 130, that shows the cancer cells, what’s the process called if they are untreated, and what will happen?

A

If the cancer isn’t treated, it can break loose and to go other parts of the body and keep spreading, this is called METASTATIS.

65
Q

How might cancer cells be prevented from causing more harm?

A

To keep the cancer cells from doing more harm, they could be removed and remaining ones treated with radiation and chamicals to destroy the ones that remained.

66
Q

Look at the figure 9-6 on page 131. What ware the stages where the cells are 2n. Which states are they “n”?

A

In Figure 9-6, on page 131, The cells in stages A, B and C are 2n. The ones in D, E, F & G are “n”

67
Q

In the figure 9-6 on page 131, IN stage B, what’s the structure labeled “X”?

A

In the figure 9-6 on 131, the structure “X” in state B, the structure is called a TETRAD.

68
Q

In figure 9-6, page 131, which stage does genetic recombination happen in ? Where’s it shown in the diagram?

A

In figure 9-6, page 131, genetic recombination happens in STAGE A, this is in PROPHASE 1.

69
Q

If the prophase starts with eight chromatids in the nucleus of a cell, when telophase ends, how many chromosomes will be in the new nucleus?

A

If the prophase starts with eight chromatids in the nucleus of a cell, when telophase ends, the new nucleus will have FOUR chromosomes. The eight chromosomes form from the replication of four chromosomes, so when mitosis is over, the chromatids have separated at the centromeres and form eight chromosomes—- half of which move to each nucleus.

70
Q

How are cancer cells different, why is it so hard to cure?

A

The cancel cells divide too fast, they form tumors and spread - it’s hard to stop the out of control division without hurting the normal cells.

71
Q

What’s the differences between divisions meiosis 1 and II?

A

Meiosis 1 and II BOTH contain the prophase, metaphase and anaphase, BUT chromosomes replicate before meiosis I, but not before meiosis II. ONLY in meiosis I do tetrads form and align along the center of the cell, then homolous chromsomes separate and two haploid daughter cells form. This is different in meiosis II, where sister coromatids align along the cell center, then separate - from that In MEIOSIS FOUR haploid daughter cells form.

72
Q

If homologous chromosomes in a tetrad don’t separate during anaphase I of meiosis, what happerns?

A

If homologous chromosomes in a tetrad don’t separate during anaphase I of meiosis, half the gametes will have an extra chromosomes, and the other half will be missing one. When one of the gmetes fuses with a normal gamete during fertilization, the offspring will have an abnormal umber of chromosomes (NOT 2n) in its cells.

73
Q
A