chapter 9

Question 1

microbial control methods that kill__ are able to sterilize

Answer 1

endospores

Question 2

sanitization is a process by which

Answer 2

the microbial load on objects is reduced

Question 3

an example of an agent that lowers the surface tension of cells is

Answer 3

alcohol

Question 4

high temps__ and lows temps__

Answer 4

kill cells; inhibit cell growth

Question 5

microbe(s) that is/are the target(s) of pasteurization include

Answer 5

mycobacterium species

salmonella species

Question 6

the primary mode of action of nonionizing radiation is to

Answer 6

make pyrimidine dimers

Question 7

the most versatile method of sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids is

Answer 7

filtration

Question 8

the correct sequence, from least to most resistant

Answer 8

enveloped viruses, protozoan cysts, bacterial endospores,

Question 9

sterilization

Answer 9

process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms (including viruses).
-ex: heat (autoclave), & sterilants (chemical agents capable of destroying endospores).

Question 10

disinfection

Answer 10

• physical process or a chemical agent to destroy vegitative pathogens but not bacterial endospores.
• removes harmful products of microorganisms (toxins) from material
• ex: bleach, iodine, & heat (boiling)

Question 11

decontamination/sanitization

Answer 11

• cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels
• ex: soaps, detergents, & commercial dishwashers

Question 12

antisepsis/degermination

Answer 12

• chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
• reduces the # of microbes on the human skin
• a form of decontamination but on living tissues
• ex: alcohol & surgical hand scrubs

Question 13

name 4 categories of cellular targets for physical & chemical agents

Answer 13

• cell wall
• cytoplasmic membrane
• cellular synthesis
• proteins

Question 14

moist heat methods

Answer 14

boiling water: disinfection. 
useful in the home for:
- disinfectants of water
-materials for babies
-food & utensils
-bedding
-clothing from the sickroom

Question 15

(moist heat method) Pasteurization

Answer 15

disinfection of beverages. technique where heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection & spoilage, while at the same time retaining the liquid’s flavor and food value.
examples: milk, wine beer, & other beverages

Question 16

steam under pressure: autoclaving. examples

Answer 16

• heat-resistant materials such as glassware,
• cloth (surgical dressings)
• metalllic instruments
• liquis
• paper
• some media
• some heat-resistant plastics.

Question 17

when would using the autoclave be ineffective

Answer 17

sterilizing substances that repel moisture (oils, waxes), or for those that are harmed by it (powders).

Question 18

dry heat methods: incineration examples

Answer 18

• bunsen burners/ small incinerators: laboratory instruments such as inoculating loops.
• large incinerators: syringes, needles, culture materials, dressings, bandages, bedding, animal carcasses, and pathology samples.

Question 19

(dry heat method) The hot-air oven

Answer 19

dry-heat sterilization

• glassware
• metallic instruments
• powders & oils that steam does NOT penetrate well.

Question 20

what is the hot-air oven dry heat method not suitable for

Answer 20

-plastics
-cotton
-paper
which may burn at the high temps, or for liquids, which will evaporate