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microbiology exam 2 > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an organism that can synthesize all of its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a

A

photoautotroph

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2
Q

what are the 6 major elements needed to survive, grow, and reproduce

A 
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur
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3
Q

a microbe that does NOT require oxygen for metabolism but will use if it available is a

A

facultative anaerobe

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4
Q

a pathogen would most likely be described as a

A

parasite

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5
Q

which of the following is true of passive transport:

a. it requires a gradient
b. it uses the cell wall
c. it includes endocytosis
d. it only moves water

A

a. it requires a gradient

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6
Q

a cell exposed to a hypertonic environment will___ by osmosis:

a. gain water
b. lose water
c. neither gain nor lose water
d. burst

A

b. lose water

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7
Q

psychrophiles would be expected to grow:

a. in hot springs
b. on the human body
c. at refrigeration temperatures
d. at low pH

A

c. at refrigeration temperatures

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8
Q

what are the two categories of essential nutrients

A

macronutrients

micronutrients

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9
Q

macronutrients

A

required in large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism

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10
Q

examples of macronutrients

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

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11
Q

examples of micronutrients (trace elements)

A

manganese
zinc
nickel

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12
Q

micronutrients (trace elements)

A

present in much smaller amounts

involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

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13
Q

2 different terms that describe an organisms sources of carbon

A

heterotroph

autotroph

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14
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form

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15
Q

autotroph (self-feeder)

A

-organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source.
-special capacity to convert CO2 into organic compounds
-NOT nutritionally dependent on other living things
-

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16
Q

2 different terms that describe an organisms sources of energy

A

phototroph

chemotroph

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17
Q

phototroph

A

microbes that photosynthesize

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18
Q

chemotroph

A

microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

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19
Q
  1. define saprobe

2. microbial example

A
  1. free-living microorganisms that feed primarily on organic detritus from dead organisms
  2. ex: occupy a niche as decomposers of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes.
20
Q
  1. define parasite

2. microbial example

A
  1. ordinarily derive nutrients from cells or tissues of a living host.
  2. parasites live or on body of a host, which they harm,
    because parasites cause damage to tissues (disease) or even death, they are also called PATHOGENS.
21
Q

2 types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

22
Q

1 type of active transport

A

carrier- mediated active transport

23
Q

2 types of chemoautotrohps

A

chemoorganic autotrphs

lithoautotrophs

24
Q

halophile

A
  • common type of osmophile
  • prefers high concentrations of salt
  • obligate halophiles (halobacterium and halococcus) inhabit salt lakes, ponds, and other hypersaline habitats.
  • grow optimally in solutions of 25% NaCl but require at least 9% NaCl (combined with other salts) for growth.
25
Q

psychotroph

A
  • less extreme than psychrophiles

- grow slowly in cold but have optimum temp between 15 degrees celcius and 30 degrees celcius.

26
Q

psychrophile

A

a microorganism with optimum temp below 15 degrees celcius and is capable of growth at 0 degrees celcius but cannot grow above 20 degrees celcius.
storage in the refrigerator incubates, rather than inhibits, them
the habitats of them are lakes and rivers, snowfields polar ice, and the deep ocean.

27
Q

mesophile

A

-majority of medically significant microorganisms.
organisms that grow at intermediate temperatures.
-the optimum growth temps of most mesophiles fall into -the range of 20 degrees celcius to 40 degrees celcius.
-organisms in this group inhabit animals and plants as well as soil and water in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions

28
Q

thermophile

A
  • microbe that grows optimally at temperatures greater than 45 degrees Celsius.
  • heat-loving microbes that live in soil and water associated with volcanic activity, in compost piles, and in habitats directly exposed to the sun.
29
Q

osmophile

A

live in habitats with a high solute concentration

30
Q

define Doubling Time

A
  • the time required for a complete fission cycle- from parent cell to new daughter call is called the generation or doubling time.
  • each new fission cycle or generation increases the population by a factor of 2 , or doubles it.
31
Q

other important nutrients

A 
sodium (Na)
calcium (Ca)
magnesium (Mg)
iron (Fe)
zinc (Zn)
32
Q

active transport

A
  • permeases and pumps

- expenditure of energy

33
Q

endocytosis

A

way a virus gets into a cell

34
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

35
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

36
Q

minimum temp

A

lowest temp that permits a microbe’s continued growth and metabolism; below this temp its activities are inhibited

37
Q

maximum temp

A

highest temp at which growth and metabolism can proceed.

38
Q

cardinal temps

A

the range of temps for the growth of a given microbial species can be expressed as 3 cardinal temps:

  • min temp
  • max temp
  • optimum temp
39
Q

how does temp affect growth

A

increased temp breaks chemical bonds

40
Q

3 ways microorganisms function in the presence of differing oxygen conditions

A
  • those that use oxygen & can detoxify it
  • those that can neither use oxygen nor detoxify it
  • those that do not use oxygen but can detoxify it
41
Q

capnophile

A

grow best with higher carbon dioxide tension than is normally present in the environment

42
Q

3 important environmental factors with which organisms must cope

A
  • temp adaption is accomplished by defined ecological groups
  • certain microbes require a higher carbon dioxide concentration for growth than that found in the atmosphere
  • the majority of microbes live in hypotonic and/or isotonic solutions
43
Q

5 types of associations microbes can have with their hosts

A 
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
synergism
antagonism
44
Q

commensalism

A

1 partner benefits; other member not harmed

45
Q

synergism

A

members cooperate and share nutrients

46
Q

antagonism

A

some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

47
Q

the steps of cell division used by most bacteria

A

1) a young cell
2) chromosome is replicated & new & old chromosomes move to different sides of cell
3) protein band forms in center of cell
4) septum formation begins
5) septum completes & cells divided. some species separate and others remain attached, forming chains or doublets.

microbiology exam 2 (4 decks)

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