chapter 10 & 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

normal resident microbes in our bodies interact with us as

A
  • commensals

- mutualists

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2
Q

resident biota is absent from the

A

heart

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3
Q

virulence factors include

A
  • toxins
  • enzymes
  • capsules
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4
Q

the ____ is the time that lapses between an encounter with a pathogen and the first symptoms

A

period of incubation

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5
Q

a short period early in a disease that may manifest with general malaise and achiness is the

A

prodrome

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6
Q

a ____ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens

A

mechanical vector

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7
Q

a positive antibody test for HIV would be a ____ of infection

A

sign

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8
Q

a seasonal outbreak of influenza would be an example of what type of outbreak?

A

propagated

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9
Q

define virulence factors

A
  • structures/capabilities that allow a pathogen to cause infection in a host.
  • from a microbe’s perspective, they are adaptions it uses to invade and establish itself in a host.
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10
Q

selective toxicity

A
  • kill or inhibit the actions or synthesis of molecules in microorganisms but not vertebrate cells
  • drugs w excellent selective toxicity block the synthesis of the bacterial cell walls (penicillins)
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11
Q

goal of antimicrobial chemotherAPY

A

-easy to administer
-toxic to infectious agent
-nontoxic to the host
LOOK UP THE REST

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12
Q

therapeutic index

A

the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose

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13
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A
  • the smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth
  • useful in determining the smallest effective dosage of a drug and in providing a comparative index against other antimicrobials
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14
Q

goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

-easy to administer
-toxic to infectious agent
-nontoxic to the host
LOOK UP THE REST

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15
Q

4 main categories of antifungal agents

A

1) macrolide polyenes
2) azoles
3) echinocandins
4) nucleotide cytosine analog

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16
Q

4 generations of fluoroquinolone

A
  • nalidixic acid (1st generation, rarely used anymore)
  • ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin (2nd generation)
  • levofloxacin (3rd generation, used against gram-positive organisms)
  • trovafloxacin (4th generation, effective against anaerobic organisms)
17
Q

is a high or low index preferable?

A

The drug with the highest therapeutic index has the widest margin of safety.
TI= 1.1 is a risky choice
TI= 10 is a safer choice

18
Q

is a high or low index preferable?

A

The drug with the highest therapeutic index has the widest margin of safety.
TI= 1.1 is a risky choice
TI= 10 is a safer choice

19
Q

nosocomial infection/ healthcare-associated infection

A

infectious diseases acquired or develop during a hospital or health care facility

20
Q

prevalence

A
  • total # of existing cases with respect to the entire population.
  • thought of as a “snap shot”
  • reported as the % of the population having a particular disease at any given time .
21
Q

incidence

A
  • # of NEW cases over certain time period.
  • also called the “case” or “morbidity, rate”
  • indicated both the rate and risk of infection
22
Q

what are the 5 major targets of antimicrobial agents?

A

1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2) inhibition of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure & function
3) inhibition of protein synthesis
4) interference with cytoplasmic membrane structure or function
5) inhibition of folic acid synthesis