chapter 10 & 11

Question 1

normal resident microbes in our bodies interact with us as

Answer 1

• commensals

- mutualists

Question 2

resident biota is absent from the

Answer 2

heart

Question 3

virulence factors include

Answer 3

• toxins
• enzymes
• capsules

Question 4

the ____ is the time that lapses between an encounter with a pathogen and the first symptoms

Answer 4

period of incubation

Question 5

a short period early in a disease that may manifest with general malaise and achiness is the

Answer 5

prodrome

Question 6

a ____ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens

Answer 6

mechanical vector

Question 7

a positive antibody test for HIV would be a ____ of infection

Answer 7

sign

Question 8

a seasonal outbreak of influenza would be an example of what type of outbreak?

Answer 8

propagated

Question 9

define virulence factors

Answer 9

• structures/capabilities that allow a pathogen to cause infection in a host.
• from a microbe’s perspective, they are adaptions it uses to invade and establish itself in a host.

Question 10

selective toxicity

Answer 10

• kill or inhibit the actions or synthesis of molecules in microorganisms but not vertebrate cells
• drugs w excellent selective toxicity block the synthesis of the bacterial cell walls (penicillins)

Question 11

goal of antimicrobial chemotherAPY

Answer 11

-easy to administer
-toxic to infectious agent
-nontoxic to the host
LOOK UP THE REST

Question 12

therapeutic index

Answer 12

the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans compared to its minimum effective (therapeutic) dose

Question 13

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Answer 13

• the smallest concentration (highest dilution) of drug that visibly inhibits growth
• useful in determining the smallest effective dosage of a drug and in providing a comparative index against other antimicrobials

Question 14

goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Answer 14

-easy to administer
-toxic to infectious agent
-nontoxic to the host
LOOK UP THE REST

Question 15

4 main categories of antifungal agents

Answer 15

1) macrolide polyenes
2) azoles
3) echinocandins
4) nucleotide cytosine analog

Question 16

4 generations of fluoroquinolone

Answer 16

• nalidixic acid (1st generation, rarely used anymore)
• ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin (2nd generation)
• levofloxacin (3rd generation, used against gram-positive organisms)
• trovafloxacin (4th generation, effective against anaerobic organisms)

Question 17

is a high or low index preferable?

Answer 17

The drug with the highest therapeutic index has the widest margin of safety.
TI= 1.1 is a risky choice
TI= 10 is a safer choice

Question 18

is a high or low index preferable?

Answer 18

The drug with the highest therapeutic index has the widest margin of safety.
TI= 1.1 is a risky choice
TI= 10 is a safer choice

Question 19

nosocomial infection/ healthcare-associated infection

Answer 19

infectious diseases acquired or develop during a hospital or health care facility

Question 20

prevalence

Answer 20

• total # of existing cases with respect to the entire population.
• thought of as a “snap shot”
• reported as the % of the population having a particular disease at any given time .

Question 21

incidence

Answer 21

• # of NEW cases over certain time period.
• also called the “case” or “morbidity, rate”
• indicated both the rate and risk of infection

Question 22

what are the 5 major targets of antimicrobial agents?

Answer 22

1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2) inhibition of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure & function
3) inhibition of protein synthesis
4) interference with cytoplasmic membrane structure or function
5) inhibition of folic acid synthesis