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NUTR455 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins B complex for energy releasing

A

B1(Thiamin)- B2 (Riboflavin)- B3 (Niacin)- Pantotheic acid- Biotin - B6

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2
Q

Hematopoietic vitamin B complex

A

Folate- Vit B12- Vit B6- Pantotheic acid

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3
Q

Vitamin B - complex for other metabolism

A

Vit-B6, Thiamin(B1), Folate, Vit B12, Niacin(B3)

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4
Q

Thiamin (B1)

1) Main Coenzyme ?
2) Physiology function?
3) Deficiency syndrome?
4) Source?
5) Some conditions and/or individual at risk for deficiency?

A

1) Thiamin diphosphate(TDP)/ Thiamin Pyrophosphate(TTP)
2) Oxidative decarboxylation
3) Beriberi,muscle weak, anorexia, enlarged heart, edema
4) Yeast,pork, sunflower, legumes
5) Alcoholism, elderly, malabsorption

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5
Q

Niacin (Vit B3) (Nicotinic acid,nicotinamide)

1) Main Coenzyme ?
2) Physiology function?
3) Deficiency syndrome?
4) Source?
5) Some conditions and/or individual at risk for deficiency?

A

1) NAD, NADP
2) Electron (hydrogen) transfer reaction
3) Pellagra, diarrhea, dermatitis, mental confusion
4) Tuna, beef liver, veal, chicken, beef, halibut, peanut butter
5) Alcoholism, malabsorption condition, hartnup disease

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6
Q

What are the functions of B-complex vitamins?

A

Energy releasing, hematopoietic (production of blood cell), other

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7
Q

Biotin

1) Main Coenzyme ?
2) Physiology function?
3) Deficiency syndrome?
4) Source?
5) Some conditions and/or individual at risk for deficiency?

A

1) carboxybiotinyl lysine
2) CO2 transfer/carboxylation reaction
3) Deficiency very rare, anorexia, nausea, glossitis, depression, dry scaly dermatitis
4) GI trac microflore, liver, soybeans, eggs
5) Excessive raw egg ingestion, alcoh. malabsorption

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8
Q

(B6)

1) Main Coenzyme ?
2) Physiology function?
3) Deficiency syndrome?
4) Source?
5) Some conditions and/or individual at risk for deficiency?

A

1) pyrodoxal phosphate (PLP)
2) Transamination and decarboxylation reactions
3) Dermatitis, glossitis, convulsions
4) Steak, navy beans, potato, salmon, banana, whole grain
5) Elderly, alcoh., use of certain medication

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9
Q

Folate

1) Main Coenzyme ?
2) Physiology function?
3) Deficiency syndrome?
4) Source?
5) Some conditions and/or individual at risk for deficiency?

A

1) derivative of THF
2) one Carbone transfer reaction
3) Megaloblastic anemia, diarrhea, fatigue, depression, confusion
4) Brewer’s yeast, green food, beef liver, fortified grain product
5) Alcoholism, malabsorption, use of certain medication

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10
Q

Vit B12

1) Main Coenzyme ?
2) Physiology function?
3) Deficiency syndrome?
4) Source?
5) Some conditions and/or individual at risk for deficiency?

A

1) methylcobalamin adenosylcobalamin
2) Methylation of homocysteine to methionine, conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA
3) Megaloblastic anemia, degradation of peripheral nerves
4) Meat, fish, shellfish, poultry, milk
5) Elderly, strict vegetarian, pernicious anemia, some disorder affecting stomach and ileum

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11
Q

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

1) Main Coenzyme ?
2) Physiology function?
3) Deficiency syndrome?
4) Source?
5) Some conditions and/or individual at risk for deficiency?

A

1) none
2) Antioxidant, hydroxylating enzyme involved in synthesis of collagen, carnitine, norepinephrine
3) Scurvy, hyperkeratosis of hair follicles, physiological manifestation, retarded wound healing, bleeding gum, spontaneous rupture of capillaries
4) papaya, cantaloupe, broccoli, Brussels sprout, green pepper, strawberries
5) Elderly, alcoholism, smoking

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12
Q

Mechanism of ascorbic acid reducing process

A

Ascorbic acid ➡️Ascorbyl radical➡️ Dehydroascorbic acid ➡️ Back to ascorbic acid (enzyme dehydroascorbate refuctase using reducing glutathione)

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13
Q

Functions of Ascorbic Acid

A

Ascorbate reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the enzymes lysyl hydroxylase and prolyl hydroxylase which incorporate one atom of oxygen in the hydroxyl group
Ascorbate become dehydroascorbate
- VitC hydroxylated collagen to creat triple helix form

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14
Q

Function of Ascorbic acid

A

Scavenger of free radicals and neutralization by donating an electron

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15
Q

Thiamin B1 structure

A

Thiaziole with reactive Carbone
Methylene bridge
Pyrimidine ring

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16
Q

Thiamin function

A

Thiamin involved in glycolysis at the level of transketolase using NADP & NADPH, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, alpha-ketoglycerate dehydrogenase ( all use NAD orNADP
TDP= TPP contain thiamin

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17
Q

Niacin B3

A

Adenosine- Ribose Nicotinamide

Reactive hydride ion on the nicotinamide ting

18
Q

Function of niacin

A
  • Transfer of electron in glucose metabolism and energy metabolism
  • Amino acid hydrogene transfer to pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, TCA cycle
  • FA Oxidation to acetyl-CoA
  • Deamination of AA
19
Q

Biotin Structure

Biocytin structure

A
  • Ureido ring +thiophene ribg +Valeric acid side chain

- Biotin + Lysine+ Actived CO2

20
Q

Function of Biotin

A
  • Carboxylase enzyme dependent ( pyruvate/Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
  • TCA cycle and Fat acid synthesis
21
Q

FOLATE structure

A

-2 Rings structure

N-5 and N10 position important

22
Q

Digestion and Absorption of Folate

A
  • Folate mono glutamate precursor

- Form Folate polyglutamate

23
Q

Functions of Folate

A
  • Acepts one-carbone groups at position N5 and/or N10
  • Folate provide a methyl group for methionine synthesis in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine by methionine synthase
24
Q

Effect of Deficiency of Folate

A

Megaloblastic = Few large immature red blood cells
Low oxygen
- Elevated blood homocysteine (Folate and B12 lower homocysteine by converting it to methionine-High levels of of homocysteine increase CVD- B6 lower homocysteine by converting it to cysteine
-Neural tube Defect

25
Q

Folate Vit B12 roles and cobalamin roles

A
  • Cobalamin and methylcobalamin are bonded to methionine synthase which respectively form THF and methionine
  • THF must be converted to 5-methyl THF to be able to methylate cobalamin (the process is catalyze by serine hydroxymethy-transferase and methylene THF refuctase
26
Q

Vit B12 (cobalamin)

A

-Cobalamin & cyanur incorporated to a big molecule

27
Q

Vit B12 absorption

A
  • B12 absorbed from food binds to R protein found in saliva and gastric juice
  • R protein digested in small intestine to release B12
  • B12 binds to an intrinsic factor. The complex binds to a receptor on enterocyt and internalized by endocytosis
28
Q

Functions of Vit B12

A
  • Conversion of homocysteine into methionine by methionine synthase
  • Conversion of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA
29
Q

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) different form

A
  • Pyridoxine alcohol form ( PN)

- Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

30
Q

Absorption and metabolism of Vit B6

A
  • PLP, PNP, PMP are absorbed from food
  • They are take up by liver
  • They are converted into PLP
  • PLP acts as a coenzyme in reaction that transfer NH2 COO-, COOHH, H, and OH group
31
Q

Function of Vit B6

A

Coenzyme in Transamination

32
Q

Vit A

1) different name & provitamins
2) discovery
3) BIOC & physio function
4) deficiency syndrome
5) sources

A

1) retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
2) Mc Collum 1915
3) synthesis of light receptor pigments (rhodopsin)- metabolism in growth- cell differentiation-bone devlp-Immune function
4) Poor dark adaptation, night blindness, xerosis, keatomalacis, Bito’s spots
5) beef liver, dairy products, sweet patatoes, carrot, spinach, butternut, squash, green, broccoli, cantaloupe

33
Q

Vit A absorption

A

1-beta carotene is taken up by micelle into intestinal cells and converted to retinal
2-retinal and retinol bind to CRBPII in intestinal cell
3- Retinal reduced to retinol
4)LRAT esterify FA onto CRBPII-bound retinol to form CRBPII- retinylpamitate
5)Retinylpamitate is incorporated into chylomicron with TAG, cholesterol ester…
6-Chylomicron leave the intestines and enter lymph syst and blood stream
7-Retinoic acid enter the blood and taken by the albumin to liver

34
Q

Different forms of Vit A

A

-All-trans retinol
-All trans retinal
-All-trans retinoic
-retinyl ester (add acyl chain)
Retinyl palmitate
-Beta carotene & alpha carotene
- Lycopene
Lutein

35
Q

Beta carotene turns into retinal

A

Cut at 15 and 15’ position

36
Q

All-trans retinal metabolit

A

-All-retinal reduced to retinol by retinal reductase
-All-retinol transformed to cis-retinal (important for vision)
All-retinol + glucuronic acid to form retinoid beta glucuronide for cell growth and differentiation
-All-trans retinal transformed to retinoic acid (gene expression)by retinal oxidase
-Oxoretinoic acid derived from retinoic acid for cell growth
-9-vis-retinoic acid (gene expression) derived from All-retinal

37
Q

Vit A fuction

A
  • Vision (11-retinal)
  • Gene expression (all-trans-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid)
  • Cell growth and reproduction (retinol)
  • Bone metabolism- Osteoblasts / Osteoclasts (. Vit A)
38
Q

How does retina function ?

A

-Light hits retina-rhodopsin is transformed to opsin and cis-retinal- Cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinol-Trans-retinal is converted back cod-retinal-Finally cis-retinal reattaches to opsin to form rhodopsin

39
Q

Retinoic acid in cell growth

A
  • All-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid moves into the nucleus ps the cell bound to binding proteins
  • All-trans retinoic acid binds to retinoic acid receptors RAR and 9-cis retinoic acid binds to retinoic X receptor ( RXR)
  • Binding of the vitamin to receptors on DNA enhances the transcription of selected genes
40
Q

Function of Carotenoids

A

-Antiocidants function
.Quenching (transfer of energy to double bond of carotenoids)
. Scavenging (Carotenoid donatesH or e- to free radical)
-Cell proliferation, growth & differentiation
. Cell signaling ) aka signal transduction
. Gene expression

41
Q

Interactions with other nutrients

A
  • Vit A with Vit K
  • Beta-carotene with Vit E
  • Vit A with protein & zinc
  • Vit A with iron

NUTR455 (4 decks)

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