Chapter 9

Question 0

Phonology

Answer 0

The sounds of language

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

Any rule-based system for expressing ideas

Question 2

Semantics

Answer 2

The study of words and their meaning

Question 3

Syntax

Answer 3

Rules that specify how words are combined to form sentences

Question 4

Pragmatics

Answer 4

How people use language to communicate effectively

Question 5

Phonemes

Answer 5

Unique speech sounds that can be used to create words

Question 6

Infant-Directed Speech

Answer 6

Speech that adults use with babies that is slow and loud and has exaggerated changes in pitch; thought to foster infants’ language learning

Question 7

Cooing

Answer 7

Early vowel-like sounds that babies produce

Question 8

Babbling

Answer 8

Speech like sounds that consist of vowel-consonant combinations

Question 9

Intonation

Answer 9

A pattern of rising and falling pitch in speech or babbling that often indicates whether the utterance is a statement, question, or command

Question 10

Naming Explosion

Answer 10

A period, beginning at about age 18 months, in which children learn new words very rapidly

Question 11

Fast Mapping

Answer 11

The fact that children make connections between new words and referents so quickly that they cannot be considering all possible meanings

Question 12

Underextension

Answer 12

When children define words more narrowly than adults do

Question 13

Overextension

Answer 13

When children define words more broadly than adults do

Question 14

Phonological Memory

Answer 14

The ability to remember speech sounds briefly; a key component for learning new words easily

Question 15

Referential Style

Answer 15

A style of language learning that describes children whose vocabularies are dominated by names of objects, persons, or actions

Question 16

Expressive Style

Answer 16

A style of language learning that describes children whose vocabularies include many social phrases that are used like one word

Question 17

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 17

A style of speaking, common in 1-year-olds, that includes only words directly relevant to meaning

Question 18

Grammatical Morphemes

Answer 18

Words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical

Question 19

Overregularization

Answer 19

Children’s application of rules to words that are exceptions to the rule; used as evidence that children master grammar by learning rules

Question 20

Semantic Bootstrapping Theory

Answer 20

A view that children rely on their knowledgable of word meanings to discover grammatical rules

Question 21

African American English

Answer 21

A dialect of Standard English spoken by some African Americans; has slightly different grammatical rules than Standard English