Chapter 9

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

sum total of genetic material of a cell (chromosomes + mitochondria/chloroplasts and/or plasmids)

Question 2

Phenotype

Answer 2

The expression of the genotype creates OBSERVABLE TRAITS

Question 3

Genome of all living cells have (prok. and euk.)

Answer 3

double stranded DNA

Question 4

Genome of viruses have

Answer 4

DNA or RNA (both single stranded or double stranded)

Question 5

Genetics

Answer 5

Study of heredity

Question 6

Where is circular DNA found in eukaryotic cell

Answer 6

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 7

Where is linear DNA found and how many pairs

Answer 7

nucleus of Eukaryotic cell and 23 pairs

Question 8

What is DNA or RNA surrounded by in viruses?

Answer 8

surrounded by protein capsid and sometimes envelope

Question 9

What kind of genetic info found in prokaryotic cells and where?

Answer 9

circular DNA in general nucleoid area of cell and plasmids

Question 10

genes

Answer 10

the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait

Question 11

genotype

Answer 11

All types of genes constitute the genetic makeup

Question 12

structural genes

Answer 12

Genes that code for proteins

Question 13

3 categories for genes

Answer 13

structural genes, genes that code for RNA, and regulatory genes

Question 14

regulatory genes

Answer 14

Genes that control gene expression

Question 15

nucleotide

Answer 15

Basic unit of DNA structure

Question 16

3 parts of DNA nucleotide

Answer 16

5 carbon sugar (deoxiribose) , a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, THYMINE, guanine, cytosine)

Question 17

helicase

Answer 17

unzipping the DNA helix

Question 18

primase

Answer 18

synthesizing a RNA primer

Question 19

DNA polymerase III

Answer 19

Adding bases to the new chain; proofreading chain for mistakes

Question 20

DNA polymerase I

Answer 20

Removing RNA primer; closing gaps; repairing mismatches

Question 21

Ligase

Answer 21

Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

Question 22

Transcription

Answer 22

Information stored on the DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecules

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

The information contained in the RNA molecule is then used to produce proteins

Question 24

3 parts of RNA nucleotide

Answer 24

5 carbon sugar (ribose), phosphate group, and nitrogen base ( adenine, URACIL, guanine, cytosine)

Question 25

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Answer 25

carries DNA message through complimentary copy; message in triplets called codons

Question 26

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Answer 26

made from DNA; secondary structure; makes loops - bottom loop = anticodon which is specific and complimentary to mRNA codon; CARRIES SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS TO RIBOSOMES

Question 27

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Answer 27

component of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs

Question 28

transcription takes place in DNA?

Answer 28

nucleus

Question 29

translation takes place in DNA? RNA?

Answer 29

cytoplasm

Question 30

Polyribosomal complex

Answer 30

only in prok. cells: transcription and translation occur simultaneously; allows for the synthesis of many protein molecules simultaneously from the same mRNA molecule.

Question 31

what is the start codon

Answer 31

AUG

Question 32

AUG is transferred to which amino acid

Answer 32

methionine

Question 33

Can transcription and translation occur simultaneously

Answer 33

NO

Question 34

transcription takes place in RNA?

Answer 34

cytoplasm

Question 35

Operon

Answer 35

a set of genes, all of which are regulated as a single unit

Question 36

Inducible operon

Answer 36

operon is turned ON by substrate: catabolic operons

Question 37

Repressible operon

Answer 37

genes in a series are turned OFF by the product synthesized; anabolic operon

Question 38

Spontaneous mutation

Answer 38

random change in the DNA due to errors in replication that occur without known cause

Question 39

Induced mutation

Answer 39

result from exposure to known mutagens, physical (primarily radiation) or chemical agents that interact with DNA in a disruptive manner

Question 40

Point mutation

Answer 40

addition, deletion, or substitution of a few bases

Question 41

Missense mutation

Answer 41

causes change in a single amino acid

Question 42

Nonsense mutation

Answer 42

changes a normal codon into a stop codon

Question 43

silent mutation

Answer 43

alters a base but does not change the amino acid

Question 44

Back mutation

Answer 44

when a mutated gene reverses to its original base composition

Question 45

Frameshift mutation

Answer 45

when the reading frame of the mRNA is altered

Question 46

mismatch repair

Answer 46

when the reading frame of the mRNA is altered

Question 47

Light repair

Answer 47

for UV light damage

Question 48

Excision repair

Answer 48

locates and repairs incorrect sequence by removing a segment of the DNA and then adding the correct nucleotides

Question 49

enzymatic repair mechanisms

Answer 49

DNA polymerase, mismatch repair, light repair, and excision repair

Question 50

Genetic recombination

Answer 50

occurs when an organism acquires and expresses genes that originated in another organism

Question 51

3 means for genetic recombination in bacteria?

Answer 51

conjugation, transformation, transduction

Question 52

conjugation

Answer 52

only in living and related bacteria: transfer of a plasmid or chromosomal fragment from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a direct connection (the pilus)

Question 53

Transformation

Answer 53

bacteria cells can be unrelated: chromosome fragments from a lysed cell are accepted by a recipient cell; the genetic code of the DNA fragment is acquired by the recipient

Question 54

Transduction

Answer 54

bacteria must be related: bacteriophage (bacterial virus) serves as a carrier of DNA from a lysed donor cell to a live recipient cell