Chapter 12 Flashcards
Characteristics of the ideal antimicrobial drug
microbicidal vs. microbistatic, doesn’t become resistant, etc.
Antibiotic
Substances produced by natural metabolic processes of some microbe that can inhibit or destroy other microbes
Semisynthetic drug
Drugs that are chemically modified in the lab after being isolated from natural sources
Synthetic drug
Antimicrobial compounds synthesized in the lab through chemical reactions
Narrow spectrum (limited spectrum)
Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types (i.e. against only gram negative microbes)
Broad spectrum (extended spectrum)
Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types (i.e. against gram positive and gram negative microbes)
Which antibacterial drugs block synthesis of peptidoglycan, causing the cell wall to lyse
Penicillins and cephalosporins
What works by interfering with mycolic acid synthesis; used to treat infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isoniazid (INH)
A narrow-spectrum antibacterial drug, most effective in treatment of Staphylococcal infections in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance or if patient is allergic to penicillin; toxic and hard to administer; restricted use
Vancomycin
Which group of antibacterial drugs all contain a highly reactive 3 carbon, 1 nitrogen ring and interfere with the cell wall
beta-lactams
Which group of antibacterial drugs interact with phospholipids and cause leakage, particularly in gram-negative bacteria? Where does it cause leakage?
Polymyxins; in the cell membrane
What is used to treat drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and severe UTIs, narrow spectrum
Polymyxins
Chloroquine
binds and cross-links the double helix
Which drugs block synthesis of nucleotides, inhibit replication, or stop transcription, broad spectrum
Chloroquine, Fluoroquinolones, and quinolones
Quinolones
inhibit DNA helicases, broad spectrum
Fluoroquinolones
work by binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, broad spectrum
Aminoglycosides
insert on sites on the 30S subunit and cause misreading of mRNA, block translation, broad spectrum
Tetracyclines
block attachment of tRNA on the A acceptor site and stop further synthesis, broad spectrum
Chloramphenicol
blocks peptide bond formation, broad spectrum
Eyrthromycin (macrolides)
attaches to 50S ribosome, moderate spectrum
Which antibacterial drugs interfere with translation (block protein synthesis)?
Eyrthromycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, and Aminoglycosides
Which antibacterial drugs block metabolism? spectrum?
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim; narrow
Which agents treat fungal infections?
Macrolide polyene, Griseofulvin, Synthetic azoles, Flucytosine, and Echinocandins
Groups of antiparasitic chemotherapy drugs
Antimalarial, antiprotozoan, antihelminthic
