Chapter 9 Flashcards
The process through which plants use the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars that are used to build tissues
Photosynthesis
The system through which carbon circulates through the Earth’s geosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, specifically including exchanges between carbon in the earth (ex: as petroleum & the atmosphere (as CO2) through combustion and back again through sequestration
Carbon Cycle
The capture & storage of carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere or the geosphere through either biological means, as in plant photosynthesis, or engineered means
Carbon Sequestration
The characteristic of the Earth’s atmosphere, based on the presence of important gases including water vapor and carbon dioxide, to trap & retain heat, leading to temperatures that can sustain life
Greenhouse Effect
Cooperation & coordination between individuals to achieve common goals & outcomes
Collective Action
A thesis based in neoclassical economics, holding that externalities (ex: pollution) can be most efficiently controlled through contracts & bargaining between parties, assuming the transaction costs of reaching a bargain & are not excessive
Coarse Theorem
Forms of regulation that depend on government laws & agencies to enforce rules, including such things as regulated limits on pollution or fuel efficiency standards; contrasts with market-based or incentive-based approaches
Command-and-Control
A market-based system to manage environmental pollutants where a total limit is placed on all emissions in a jurisdiction (state, country, worldwide, etc.), and individual people or firms possess transferable shared of that total, theoretically leading to the most efficient overall system to maintain & reduce pollution levels overall
Cap & Trade
The geographic tendency within capitalism to produce highly disparate economic conditions (wealth/poverty) & economic activity (production/consumption) in different places
Uneven development
The tendency in capitalism for profits, capital goods, savings, & value to flow toward, pool in, and/or accrue in specific places, leading to the centralization & concentration of both money & power
Capital Accumulation
In political economic (& Marxist) thought, the value produced by underpaying labor or over-extracting from the environment, which is accumulated by owners & investors
Surplus Value
The exaggerated or false marketing of a product, good, or service as environmentally friendly
Greenwashing
