Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is genetics?
The study of how characteristics are passed from one generation to the next.
Define heredity.
The transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring by means of genes in the chromosomes.
What controls heredity?
Genes or nucleic acids (DNA) in body cells.
What are chromosomes?
Threads of living matter that carry genes.
What are alleles?
Alternative forms of the same gene (dominant versus recessive).
What is a genotype?
The genetic make-up for a single trait of an individual.
What is a phenotype?
A particular trait that is observed in an individual.
What does homozygous mean?
Having two identical alleles for a trait.
What does heterozygous mean?
Having two different alleles for a trait.
What is the difference between carriers and non-carriers?
Carriers have a heterozygous genotype and can pass on abnormal alleles; non-carriers do not.
What are genetic diseases?
Abnormalities caused by inherited recessive alleles, leading to severe structural changes or altered metabolism.
What is natural immunity?
The phenomenon where certain species are resistant to specific diseases.
Define zoonosis.
A disease common to both humans and animals.
What is anthrax?
A bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, affecting primarily ruminants.
How is anthrax transmitted?
When bacteria spores are ingested or through handling infected animals.
What are the three clinical forms of human anthrax?
- Cutaneous
- Intestinal
- Pulmonary
What is brucellosis?
A disease caused by Brucella organisms, affecting livestock and occasionally humans.
How do humans contract brucellosis?
By exposure to infected animals or ingestion of contaminated foods.
What is the most common zoonotic disease?
Campylobacteriosis, also known as vibriosis.
What is the causative agent of Campylobacteriosis?
Campylobacter jejuni.
What are common symptoms of Campylobacteriosis in humans?
Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and fever.
What are the modes of direct disease transmission?
- Skin contact
- Ingestion
- Inhalation
- Venereal methods
What are vectors in disease transmission?
Organisms like flies, mosquitoes, and ticks that transmit disease agents.
True or False: Mechanical transmission requires development of the infectious agent in the vector.
False.
Fill in the blank: Individuals who are _______ are at higher risk for acquiring zoonotic diseases.
[immuno-compromised]
What is the role of contaminated vehicles in disease transmission?
They can transmit disease agents through contact or ingestion.
What is the significance of culling infected animals?
It prevents the further spread of diseases like brucellosis.
What is the primary carrier of Campylobacter jejuni?
Avian species
Campylobacter jejuni can infect both animals and humans, typically through contaminated water or food.
What bacterium causes Cat Scratch Disease (CSD)?
Bartonella henselae
CSD is primarily transmitted when a cat scratches a human or licks a break in the skin.
Which age group is most affected by Cat Scratch Disease?
Children less than 12 years of age
CSD is more prevalent in the fall and winter months.
How is Chlamydiosis primarily transmitted to humans?
Through inhaling dried bird feces
Chlamydiosis, also known as parrot fever, is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci.
What are common symptoms of Chlamydiosis in humans?
- Fever
- Headache
- Anorexia
- Cough
- Body aches
Severe complications can affect the heart, brain, and circulatory system.
What is the primary reservoir for Erysipelas?
Swine
Erysipelas is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and can affect various animals.
What is the recommended treatment for human infection with Erysipelas?
Penicillin
Immunosuppressed individuals are at greater risk of complications.
What organism causes Leptospirosis?
Leptospira species
This zoonotic disease primarily affects small mammals, especially rodents.
What are common symptoms of Leptospirosis in humans?
- Headache
- Fever
- Muscle pain
- Nausea
- Jaundice
- Stiff neck
- Chills
- Inability to urinate
This disease can lead to severe health complications.
Which bacterium is responsible for Listeriosis?
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeriosis is primarily contracted through contaminated food.
What are the most commonly affected animals by Listeriosis?
- Sheep
- Goats
- Cattle
Encephalitis is a common form of the disease in affected animals.
What is the primary vector for Lyme Disease?
Ticks
Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and can be transmitted to various animal species and humans.
What is a common early symptom of Lyme Disease in humans?
A reddened area at the site of the tick bite
This is often referred to as a macule.
What animal is most commonly associated with Q Fever?
Cattle, sheep, and goats
Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii and can infect most domestic animals.
What is a significant symptom of plague in humans?
Sudden onset of fever and malaise
Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis and is transmitted via fleas.
What is the primary reservoir for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?
Small mammals, especially rodents
RMSF is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii.
What are common symptoms of RMSF in humans?
- Fever
- Headache
- Rash on palms and soles
The rash spreads to the trunk and can be fatal if untreated.
How is Salmonellosis primarily transmitted to humans?
Through contaminated food
Salmonella bacteria can be shed in feces for several days to weeks after infection.
What are common symptoms of Salmonellosis?
- Profuse watery diarrhea
- Fever
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Symptoms usually begin 6 to 72 hours after infection.
What is the main bacterium associated with Staphylococcal infections?
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcal infections can occur through food poisoning or suppurative infections.
What is the primary method for preventing staphylococcal infections?
Proper sanitation and personal hygiene
Food handlers should wash hands regularly and properly refrigerate food.
What species of Mycobacterium is primarily responsible for tuberculosis in humans?
M tuberculosis
Other species like M bovis and M avium rarely cause human tuberculosis in the U.S.
What is the main cause of tuberculosis in humans?
M tuberculosis
M tuberculosis is the most important cause of human TB in the world.
Which Mycobacterium species rarely cause tuberculosis in humans in the United States?
M bovis and M avium
M bovis is associated with cattle TB, and M avium is associated with avian TB.
What are common symptoms of tuberculosis in humans?
Bone and joint infections, meningitis, reproductive and urinary tract infections, cervical adenitis, lung infections
Meningitis and generalized skin infections can be fatal.
How can bovine TB be transmitted to humans?
Through disease transmission from animal reservoirs
Prevention methods include pasteurization of milk, vaccination, and eradication programs.
What bacteria causes tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
Tularemia is commonly known as ‘rabbit fever’.
What is the incubation period for tularemia?
3 days on average, but can range from 2 days to 3 weeks
Symptoms include fever, chills, headaches, and muscle pain.
What are the common transmission routes for tularemia?
Direct contact with infected tissues, bites from infected ticks or flies, ingestion of insufficiently cooked meat, inhalation of infectious dust
The disease can affect a wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates.
What are the symptoms of encephalitis?
Fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, disorientation, convulsions, coma
Severe cases can lead to death.
Which mosquito-borne virus has the highest mortality rate?
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
Survivors may experience permanent damage.
What is the primary reservoir for hantavirus?
Rodents
The virus is transmitted through contact with rodent feces, urine, and saliva.
What are common symptoms of hantavirus in humans?
Fever, muscle pain, headache, cough, respiratory failure
New World hantaviruses produce flu-like symptoms.
What virus causes Herpes B?
Herpesvirus simiae
It primarily affects non-human primates.
What is the typical outcome of human infection with Herpes B?
Usually fatal with severe neurological damage
Symptoms may appear within one month of exposure.
What is rabies primarily transmitted through?
Saliva via bites from infected animals
Other transmission routes include inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact.
What percentage of rabies cases in the U.S. occur in wild animals?
90%
Common wild carriers include skunks, bats, and raccoons.
What are common symptoms of rabies in humans?
Anxiety, pain at entry site, hyperactivity, aerophobia, convulsions, coma, death
Symptoms usually last 2 to 8 days.
What is dermatophytosis commonly known as?
Ringworm
It is caused by dermatophyte fungi.
What is the incubation period for dermatophytosis?
1 to 2 weeks
It is highly infectious and can spread through direct contact.
What fungus causes sporotrichosis?
Sporothrix schenckii
It has a parasitic tissue phase that can infect humans and animals.
What are the four fungal agents that can cause systemic disease?
- Coccidioides immitis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Cryptococcus neoformans
These fungi are found in soil rich in decayed bird, poultry, or bat feces.
What is the primary region where Coccidioides immitis is acquired?
Semi-arid regions of the southwestern hemisphere
Coccidioides immitis is a fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis.
Which fungus is endemic in the eastern half of the United States?
Histoplasma capsulatum
It is also associated with the central United States, particularly Mississippi, Missouri, and the Ohio River Valleys.
Where is Blastomyces dermatitidis primarily located?
South central and southeastern United States
What is the worldwide fungus associated with pigeon feces?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What are common initial symptoms of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, or coccidioidomycosis?
Flu-like symptoms
In severe cases, what parts of the body may systemic fungal infections spread to?
Bones, spleen, and skin
What differentiates cryptococcosis from other systemic mycoses?
Central nervous system (mainly the brain) is primarily affected
What is the primary characteristic of cryptococcal infections?
Meningoencephalitis
How is transmission of systemic fungal diseases usually accomplished?
Inhalation of fungal spores
What is the best means of prevention for systemic mycoses?
Avoidance of known sources of fungi, such as bat caves and bird roosts
What parasitic disease is caused by hookworms in dogs and cats?
Cutaneous Larval Migrans
What are the common climates where hookworms are found?
Warm equatorial, tropical, and subtropical climates
What symptoms can intestinal hookworm infections lead to?
Anemia
What is the tapeworm infection caused by Dipylidium caninum called?
Dipylidiasis
How is Dipylidiasis transmitted to humans?
Ingestion of fleas containing the infective tapeworm larva
What is the common blood parasite responsible for heartworm disease in dogs?
Dirofilaria immitis
What happens when humans are accidentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis?
Pulmonary dirofilariasis
Which roundworms can cause Visceral Larval Migrans in humans?
Toxocara canis and T. cati
What is the primary source of infection for children regarding Toxocara species?
Puppies
What disease is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii?
Toxoplasmosis
What is a common source of human infection with Toxoplasma gondii?
Ingestion of raw or poorly cooked meat
What happens to human fetuses if women are infected with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy?
Congenital disease ranging from subclinical to death
What is the impact of diseases of food-producing animals on the food supply?
Lowered production or increased condemnation of food animal products
What is the consequence of food-producing animals being treated with drugs and chemicals?
Increased risk of unacceptable drug residue levels in meat and milk
What are obvious economic losses due to animal disease?
Deaths, clinical diseases, disabilities, condemnations
What are hidden economic losses in animal production?
Subclinical diseases, reproductive inefficiencies, nutritional deficiencies
What is the result of animal-assisted therapy (AAT)?
Improves a person’s ability to function
What are some benefits of interacting with animals?
- Reduce stress and anxiety
- Decrease blood pressure
- Improve well-being
What types of animals are most frequently used in animal-assisted therapy?
Dogs and horses
What is the primary goal of animal-assisted therapy (AAT)?
To improve a person’s ability to function
AAT is a goal-directed activity that can enhance various skills.
Name three benefits of animal visitation.
- Reduce stress and anxiety
- Decrease blood pressure
- Improve well-being
Animal visitation can also increase responsiveness and reduce loneliness.
What skills can AAT help improve?
- Fine motor skills
- Movement and equilibrium
- Verbal skills
- Memory
- Concentration
- Attention span
These skills are vital for overall functioning and well-being.
Which animals are most frequently used in AAT?
- Dogs
- Horses
These animals are selected for their trainability and rapport with humans.
How can pets influence children’s self-esteem?
By enhancing self-esteem and self-confidence through interaction
Pets provide companionship and support, especially in educational settings.
What role do dogs and cats play in reading programs?
They help relax and encourage shy children
This interaction builds confidence and creates a positive learning experience.
What are youth programs like 4-H and FFA designed to promote?
Opportunities for young people to participate in animal projects
These programs foster the human-animal bond and responsibility.
How do pets benefit individuals in rehabilitation settings?
They rehabilitate people physically, psychologically, and socially
Companion animals are used in various facilities, including hospitals and treatment centers.
What is the purpose of guide dogs for visually impaired individuals?
To assist visually impaired people in leading normal, productive lives
Guide dogs provide independence and mobility.
What tasks can specially trained dogs perform for wheelchair users?
- Retrieve objects
- Carry backpacks
- Push elevator buttons
These tasks enhance independence for individuals with mobility challenges.
How do monkeys assist quadriplegic individuals?
- Help eat
- Help drink
- Clean teeth
- Perform other routine tasks
Monkeys are trained to provide significant daily assistance.
What is Project PUP?
A pet facilitated therapy program for elderly people in nursing homes
Coordinated by the Florida Cooperative Extension Service, it enhances resident well-being.
What is a significant outcome of pet therapy programs in nursing homes?
Residents become happier and stronger
These programs help elderly individuals cope with mental and physical health issues.
Fill in the blank: Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) aims to improve a person’s ability to _______.
[function]
AAT is goal-oriented and focuses on enhancing various life skills.
True or False: Pets are only beneficial for children.
False
Pets provide emotional support and companionship across all age groups.
