Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are the essential nutrients needed for proper animal nutrition?
The essential nutrients are:
* Proteins
* Carbohydrates
* Fats
* Minerals
* Vitamins
* Water
The amount of each nutrient needed depends on the type of animal and its activity level.
Why is water considered essential in an animal’s diet?
Water makes up about 60% of an animal’s body and is essential for preventing dehydration.
Animals lose water through urine, feces, and perspiration.
What is the consequence of protein deficiency in animals?
Common symptoms include underweight, weakness, and swelling under the throat, brisket area, and underline due to fluid accumulation.
Protein maintains proper fluid balance across capillaries.
What is grass tetany and what causes it?
Grass tetany, also known as grass staggers, results from magnesium deficiency in cattle grazing lush pastures with high potassium and nitrogen.
High potassium and nitrogen interfere with magnesium absorption.
What are the signs of milk fever in cows?
Signs include loss of appetite, depression, muscle tremors, and general muscular paralysis.
Milk fever is caused by a drop in blood calcium levels after calving.
What can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism in animals?
High-phosphorus, low-calcium diets can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism.
This condition can cause bone thickening in horses and weak bones in dogs and cats.
What is taurine deficiency and which animal is primarily affected?
Taurine deficiency occurs in cats, leading to eye problems and weakening of the heart muscle when they eat only dog food.
Most commercial cat foods provide adequate taurine.
What dietary changes can cause colic in horses?
Changes in diet and intestinal diseases that slow intestinal movements can cause gas buildup leading to colic.
Signs of colic include pain, rolling, kicking, and sweating.
What is the effect of improper feeding on cattle and horses related to founder?
Improper feeding can produce bacterial toxins that inhibit circulation to the hoof area, causing inflammation and lameness.
Overfeeding of grain is a common cause.
What are some conditions that increase nutritional needs in animals?
Conditions include:
* Exposure to cold weather
* Presence of parasites
* Chronic diseases
* Pregnancy or high milk production
These factors require larger amounts of nutrients to maintain health.
What are the common signs of undernourished animals?
Common signs include low body weight, dull and rough hair coat, weakness, and depression.
In severe cases, animals may become too weak to get up.
What is infertility in animals and what can cause it?
Infertility is the reduced ability or inability to produce offspring, caused by factors like cystic ovaries, adhesions, or poor nutrition.
It can affect both males and females.
What is anestrus in female animals?
Anestrus is a period during which there is no estrous cycle, preventing breeding from occurring.
A normal period of anestrus occurs after calving.
What role does vitamin A play in animal health?
Vitamin A is essential for proper cell function, and deficiencies can lead to skin and eye problems, night blindness, and reproductive issues.
Vitamin A is usually present in quality feeds and green pastures.
What are the signs of phosphorus deficiency in animals?
Signs include unthriftiness, lameness, stiffness, and behaviors like chewing old bones or eating dirt (pica).
Pica indicates the animal is trying to fulfill a deficiency.
What can cause abortion in pregnant animals?
Abortion can result from nutritional deficiencies, certain infections, heat stress, chemicals, or drugs.
Early pregnancy losses often go unnoticed as the embryo is resorbed.
What is the effect of high calcium demand in lactating cows?
Lactating cows require high levels of calcium; insufficient intake can lead to milk fever due to hypocalcemia.
Blood calcium levels must be maintained to support nerve and muscle function.
What is defined as the premature termination of pregnancy?
Abortion
Abortion can occur due to various conditions affecting the embryo or fetus.
What are some causes of pregnancy problems in animals?
- Infections
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Certain plants
- Heat stress
- Chemicals or drugs
These factors can lead to embryonic or fetal death.
What is dystocia?
Dystocia is the condition of difficult or impossible birth
Dystocia may arise from various abnormal circumstances.
What can cause dystocia in animals?
- Small birth canal
- Large fetus
- Improper positioning of the fetus
These issues often require veterinary assistance for correction.
What are the signs of arsenic poisoning in animals?
- Weakness
- Loss of coordination
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- Paralysis
Arsenic is commonly found in weed killers, wood preservatives, and some feed additives.
What are the common sources of lead that can poison animals?
- Batteries
- Lead-containing paint
- Used crankcase oil
Lead poisoning is particularly common in cattle and dogs.
What condition can excess salt in an animal’s diet cause?
Salt poisoning
This condition is exacerbated by a lack of fresh drinking water.
What is the chemical name for oxalates?
Ethanedioate
Oxalates are found in certain plants and can cause toxicity in animals.
What symptoms indicate ethylene glycol poisoning in animals?
- Increased water intake
- Large urine output
- Staggering
- Vomiting
Ethylene glycol is commonly found in antifreeze.
What are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their effects on animals?
PCBs are toxic compounds used in various industrial applications, causing weight loss, skin disorders, and reproductive issues in animals
They accumulate in body fat and can affect humans consuming contaminated meat or milk.
What are the three major types of insecticides that may cause problems in animals?
- Organophosphorus compounds
- Carbamate compounds
- Pyrethrin (pyrethroids)
These insecticides can be harmful even in small doses.
What symptoms are associated with organophosphorus compound poisoning?
- Increased saliva production
- Defecation
- Vomiting
- Muscle stiffness
- Paralysis
High concentrations can lead to death if untreated.
What is the proper usage guideline for insecticides?
- Use only for recommended animal types
- Calculate correct dosage
- Store safely out of animal reach
- Do not overuse
Following label instructions is crucial for safety.
What treatment is indicated for organophosphorus or carbamate poisoning?
Atropine
Atropine acts as an antidote to block the effects of these poisons.
What should caretakers do if they suspect plant poisoning in animals?
- Move animals to a safe area
- Search for poisonous plants
- Consult a veterinarian
Early intervention is critical to prevent further harm.
What challenges exist in detecting plant poisoning in animals?
Symptoms may resemble other illnesses, making it difficult to ascertain the cause
A thorough search of the feeding area is necessary.
What is the primary challenge in detecting plant poisoning in animals?
It is often very difficult to determine if animals are sick or dead due to plant poisoning due to similar signs caused by other illnesses.
What should be examined if animals are sick and hay is being fed?
Examine hay for harmful plants and test it for high nitrate content.
What can laboratory tests determine in suspected poisoning cases?
Laboratory tests can determine the poison in blood or urine samples and examine stomach contents.
What harmful substance do oak leaves and acorns contain?
Gallotannin
What are the symptoms of oak poisoning in grazing animals?
- Weight loss
- Depression
- Blood-tinged discharge from the nose
- Diarrhea containing mucus or blood
- Increased thirst and urination
What should be done if signs of oak poisoning are observed?
Remove animals from pastures with oaks and provide acorn-free grazing.
What is cyanide poisoning also known as?
Prussic acid poisoning
What are the first signs of cyanide poisoning in livestock?
Increased respiration rate and bright red mucous membranes.
What types of plants are known to contain cyanide?
- Grain sorghums
- Johnson grass
- Sudan grass
- Wild black cherry tree
What are the major sources of exposure to nitrates for livestock?
- Water
- Plants
- Animal wastes
- Chemicals
What is the toxic principle formed from nitrate in ruminants?
Nitrite
What are the symptoms of nitrate poisoning in animals?
- Weakness
- Trembling
- Staggering
- Rapid breathing
- Collapse
What is the toxic substance produced by ergot fungus on dallisgrass?
A toxic substance that affects the nervous system.
What is a common symptom of coffee senna poisoning?
Muscle tissue breakdown leading to weakness and inability to stand.
What type of poisoning does oleander cause?
Heart damage
What clinical signs indicate hyperthermia in animals?
- Increased body temperature
- Rapid breathing
- Collapse
What is heat exhaustion characterized by?
Weakness, muscle tremors, and spasms.
What are the causes of trauma in animals?
- Open and puncture wounds
- Bone fractures
- Sprains
What are common sources of circulatory shock in animals?
- Internal bleeding
- Burns
- Intestinal obstruction
- Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea
What is a common condition of the digestive system in animals?
Colic
What types of tumors can occur in animals?
- Benign tumors
- Malignant tumors (cancer)
What is a common diagnostic method for tumors in animals?
Biopsy
Fill in the blank: Nitrate levels are highest in the _______ of the plant.
stalks
True or False: Ruminants are less susceptible to cyanide poisoning than other livestock.
False
Fill in the blank: Symptoms of oleander poisoning typically develop _______ hours after ingestion.
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