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modern britain > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what was a major success of heath’s leadership?

A

was able to achieve EEC membership, which his predessecors had not

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2
Q

what was heath’s background and how did it impact his image?

A

-the first tory leader to be educated through state schools
-more relatable
-very honest, so good at policies but not politics

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3
Q

what about heath’s career gave him experience for the EEC application?

A

-was chief negotiator 1961-63

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4
Q

in which year did thatcher replace heath as tory leader?

A

1975

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5
Q

what were key areas of tory campaign pre 1970 election?

A

-trade union reforms
-tax teforms
-immigration controls
-cuts to public spending
-end public subsidy of ‘lame duck’/failing industries

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6
Q

what were some reforms during heath’s premiership?

A

-leaving age of school raised to 16
-british currency went decimal

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7
Q

what was a negative effect of the cuts in tax and public spending?

A

although they were designed to create investment and a growing economy, they caused a rise in inflation

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8
Q

what was the name of the rapid rise of inflation?

A

barber boom
chancellor was named anthony barber

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9
Q

what is stagflation?

A

the inflation was not followed by economic growth, and unemployment went up

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10
Q

what was heath’s famous U-turn?

A

-unemployment began approaching 1 mil
-rolls royce is nationalised 1971
-gov money given to stop upper clyde shipbuilders going bankrupt

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11
Q

why were these economic policies seen as a u-turn?

A

policies at the beginning were to let dying industries die

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12
Q

what were the effects of the u-turn?

A

by 1973 unemployment had fallen back to 500,000

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13
Q

what began the oct 1973 oil crisis?

A

yom kippur war in the middle east
OPEC calls an oil embargo, and exports stop

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14
Q

what is the OPEC?

A

organisation of petroleum exporting countries

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15
Q

what happened to the oil prices after the oil embargo was called?

A

prices became four times the usual levels & very long queues outside petrol stations

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16
Q

why did the NUM demand a pay rise in nov 1973?

A

due to unaffordable petrol prices

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17
Q

what is the NUM?

A

national union of miners

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18
Q

what were major industrial disputes during heath’s premiership?

A

-dockers strike
-large pay settlement for dustmen
-postal workers strike
-‘go slow’ by power workers, causing power cuts

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19
Q

how did the government react to the industrial disputes?

A

-industrial relations act
-inspired by barbara castle’s white paper, ‘in place of strife’
-publishes the national board for prices and incomes

20
Q

what did the industrial relations act create?

A

-strike ballots
-‘cooling off period’ before strikes may happen
but TUC and CBI were against it

21
Q

what were the major strikes in 1972?

A

miners, ambulance drivers, firefighters, power workers & hospital staff

22
Q

what was the highest number of days lost in strikes?

A

23,909,000 in 1972
highest since general strikes 1926

23
Q

when did the miners strikes begin?

A

9 / 01 / 72
particularly harsh due to the weather

24
Q

what was heath’s solution to the miner strike demands?

A

a three day working week to be reintroduced in the beginning of 1974

25
Q

what was the issue with NUM and the gov?

A

NUM refused to accept pay offer and gov refused to treat miners as a special case

26
Q

what was NUM’s retaliation?

A

called a national strike in Jan 1974

27
Q

what was the intended effect of the three day week?

A

conserving electricity in response to a wave of industrial action by engineers
and the looming threat of a national coal strike in the middle of an energy crisis

28
Q

when did heath call a general election?

A

28th february 1974
central issue intended to be ‘who governs britain?’

29
Q

what was the result of the 1974 election?

A

labour won 5 more seats
results were inconclusive and led to a hung parliament

30
Q

what is a hung parliament?

A

no political party has overall majority in house of commons

31
Q

what were the two republican paramilitary organisations?

A

IRA, INLA

32
Q

who was the leader of the UUP?

A

brian faulkner
Ulster unionist party

33
Q

what policies did faulkner introduce in order to try and calm down the fighting in NI?

A

night-time curfews and internment in 1971

34
Q

what was internment?

A

locking up suspects without trial

35
Q

what was the effect of the policies in NI?

A

alienated nationalist communities
95% of people interned between 1971-75 were catholic

36
Q

what is a quote which demonstrates the negative effects of the policies?

A

Jim McVeigh, IRA commander
‘internment was among the best recruiting tools the IRA ever had’

37
Q

what was bloody sunday?

A

Jan 1972, 13 are killed by the british army and 26 total are shot

38
Q

how was the british army percieved?

A

to catholics and nationalists, an enemy occupying power

39
Q

which was the bloodiest year and what happened?

A

1972
1400 explosions
10600 shooting incidents
480 killed

40
Q

what did heath do in march 1972?

A

brought in direct rule from westminster
appoints wille whitelaw as secretary of state

41
Q

what were heath’s goals?

A

-defeat the IRA as wanted by union/loyalists
-look for a permanent political solution that ensures peace

42
Q

who was ian paisley?

A

led loyalist opposition to catholic civil rights in 1960s
formed democratic unionist party and loyalist paramilitary organisations

43
Q

when was the sunningdale agreement decided?

A

1973

43
Q

what were the terms of the sunningdale agreement?

A

-power sharing executive of both nationalists and unionists
-both sides are guaranteed representation
-new NI assembly elected under system of proportional rep
-council o ireland has some input from ROI

44
Q

what was the reaction to the sunningdale agreement?

A

extremists on both sides called it a sell-out

modern britain (18 decks)

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