Chapter 9 Flashcards
What was the Market Revolution?
The Market Revolution was the transformation of the American economy in the 1820s and 1830s. Improvements in transportation, communication, the availability of new land and technology created an economy that was focused nationally and internationally and less on local markets. This market revolution changed both paid / wage labor and the face of slavery. It marked the drifting away from the historical ideal of producing products just for yourself and towards selling things for others.
What was the most important technology during the first half of the 19th century?
Canals and steamboats because boats could haul bulk commodities more efficiently than wagons on roads. Improvements in transportation such as railroads, canals, and roads helped to make it easier and cheaper for people to ship their goods to other cities. This inspired Americans to start focusing more on selling their goods as it was finally becoming profitable.
Who was Robert Fulton?
He created the steamboat
How did the development of factories change the nature of growth?
The development of factories changed the nature of work from being agriculturally centered, to being industrially centered. This had a bunch of workers in one place to efficiently make goods. Along with this, the goods being produced were more often mass produced instead of finely handcrafted artisan goods.
What role did immigration play in the market Revolution?
Immigrants took the place of workers in the factories, filling the space left by people who moved west.
How did the market economy and westward expansion intensify the institution of slavery?
Led to slavery being a stability throughout the states where the economy depended on the work of those slaves in one way or another. The cotton gin significantly increased the cotton produced in the US, making cotton (and therefore slave labor) incredibly lucrative and more strived for by the plantation owners. This then led to slavery being synonymous with more money which only increased its occurrence.
What was the order of the presidents in this chapter?
Monroe (2 terms), John Quincy Adams (1 term), Andrew Jackson (2 terms), Martin Van Buren (1 term), William Henry Harrison (died a few weeks in), and John Tyler (less than 1 term)
How was Monroe’s presidency in general?
His presidency was the era of good feelings where there was only 1 party (democratic republican) so it went really well. (1817-1825 two terms)
What were the three major supreme court decisions in Marshalls court under Monroe?
McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, and Dartmouth College v. Woodward.
What was McCulloch v. Maryland about?
The DRs rechartered the National Bank because it was helpful. MD passed a law taxing revenue raised by The Bank of the US within their state’s border. James McCulloch, president of the Maryland branch of the Bank of the United States, refuses to pay saying states don’t have the power to tax fed institutions
1. Ruled that the National Bank was indeed constitutional. This confirmed the right of Congress to claim “implied powers” / use the n&p clause to carry out expressed powers
2. denied the right of a state to tax the Federal gov due to the Supremacy clause- Fed law is superior to state law
What was Gibbons v. Ogden?
Competing claims to navigate a ferry across the Hudson River (NY into NJ and vice versa)
Ruling: only Congress can regulate interstate commerce (trade between 2 or more states)
commerce clause becomes KEY mechanism for expansion of federal power over states
to this day this is the case!!!!!
What was Dartmouth college v. Woodward about?
NH legislature (Woodward) wanted to change DCs charter to make it a public college, DC sued saying states can’t interfere with contracts whenever they see fit- the Constitution actually states that. Ruling: Agrees with Dartmouth: states can’t force institutions or people to change the terms of contracts. gives corporations/ institutions/ unions… constitutional protections, have the same protections as individuals /people
What was the impact of the three court cases in Marshalls court in Monroe’s presidency?
Each of these rulings strengthens the power of the Federal Gov!!!!! Important to note that while DRs controlled the E & L branches Feds still dominated SCOTUS
Who is Henry Clay?
A DR known as the great compromiser, from Kentucky, is the speaker of the house !!!!!!!
What was the “American System”?
His plan really helps to illustrate how some in the DR party had moved to the center and was now actually supporting some Fed like policy that they previously probably would have opposed because years in power showed that and the War of 1812 helps to solidify this idea.
1st part:
a tariff that would protect American industries and raise revenue to,in part, fund internal improvements- which is part 2 of his plan (will help farmers) 20-25%
Other countries are around this price so it won’t make them retaliate
- internal improvements = transportation projects (infrastructure)
canals and roads (eventually RR)
bring economic and political unity - re-charter national bank (1816)
recharted for 20 years
What happened when Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state?
There was an equal number of free and slave states in the senate before this. House responds by passing Tallmadge Amendment to Missouri statehood application (proposed by James Tallmadge of NY) prohibits further introduction of slavery into Missouri, gradual emancipation of slaves already in territory, children of slaves will be free once they reach age 25. Southerners FREAK OUT!!!! They feel like this is an effort to eventually kill slavery in all of the States…this is actually what some in the North want…others are just looking to maintain the political power of non-slave holding states as their economic and political interests don’t always align. Heated debate, Tallmadge amendment doesn’t pass in the Senate
What did Clay propose after debates about the Missouri state?
Clay’s Compromise: aka Missouri Compromise
Missouri admitted as a slave state
Maine would be carved out of Massachusetts and admitted as free state
Makes it equal in the senate and the same as before in the house
Slavery prohibited in new states in Louisiana Purchase territory north of latitude 36 / 30 (establishing 36 30 line)
kept balance for 30 years….
What did general Andrew Jackson do (foreign policy)?
Napoleonic Wars accelerated Spain’s decline as a great power, so difficult to maintain control over possessions. Gen. Andrew Jackson sees this as a chance to “take” Florida. requests to send troops into Florida under the guise of protection from Native Americans and looking for fugitive slaves. He is able to take 2 Spanish forts and scare the governor into fleeing. Able to do that because Spain isn’t guarding it from attacks.
How did JQA react to general Andrew Jackson taking Florida?
JQA was originally shocked and saying he had no authority but used this. Sec of State JQA exploited this to negotiate the Adams-Onis Treaty. Spain gave Florida and Oregon territory to US. US abandoned claims to Northern Mexico (which will become Texas shortly). Defined SW border of Louisiana Purchase. Coast to coast manifest destiny
How did the Monroe Doctrine form?
Monroe and JQA fear additional attempts to colonize these areas…Uh oh can other countries do this to us easily? Monroe delivers a speech to Congress Dec 1823, a unilateral declaration (doesn’t consult anyone (latin america) he just says it
(the monroe doctrine) strongly worded and bc of the previous things (not just the states, the ENTIRE hemisphere
