Chapter 5 Flashcards
What caused the French and Indian War (1754-1763), or the Seven Years War?
Both great Britain and France were competing to be the dominant empire in the area around the Ohio River, and settlers originally start the fight, but armies of the countries jump in (First real world war). The war broke out in 1754, between British settlers and French (plus Indians), and natives liked the French more because they were kinder.
Why did the French dominate in early months of the French and Indian war?
French have a unitary gov structure so only 1 person in charge of the entire settlement, for the colonies, there are 13 and there is not much communication between them, and sending money. British colonies that don’t border disputed regions aren’t willing to contribute $ and men because they don’t have any reason to care. French have aid of Native Americans with knowledge of the land. British troops / commanders are using traditional tactics of warfare; the French and Native Americans are utilizing guerilla warfare tactics
What was the Albany plan?
Ben Franklin proposed the Albany plan, because colonists really did not want to lose. Said each colony should send representative to an intercolonial council, the King will appoint a president to oversee the council and they will govern all affairs concerning the War, they would also have jurisdiction over “Indian Affairs”. Rejected by the Crown and colonial legislative branches bc the crown didn’t want colonies running it, and states don’t care.
Published the very first political cartoon, join or die.
How did England win the French and Indian War?
England got new Prime minister who spends a lot of money, so they sent additional troops over (45000) to aid colonists (in 1757) and many Native American tribes decided to stop fighting alongside the French (1758). In order to pay for everything, they are dramatically increasing taxes (in Britain 26x taxes in England vs colonies). Colonists and the British finally start winning battles in 1760.
What did the Treaty of Paris (1763)
In the Treaty, Great Britain got everything East of the Mississippi river, the Spain got everything West of the Mississippi river, and the French were kicked off of North America (but in 1800 French will win back Louisiana territory hence Louisiana purchase)
What is the biggest impact of the French and Indian war?
That it left England in great great debt, and so they impose taxes on the colonies in order to get back that money, and the settlers also start pushing West, causing Pontiac’s Rebellion.
What are the causes and outcomes of Pontiac’s rebellion?
Pontiac’s Rebellion an uprising of Native American Indian tribes following the French and Indian War and it led to the creation of the Proclamation of 1763 and the British decision to establish a permanent standing army in North America
How did the colonists/British feel about the Proclamation line (1763)?
Colonists were angry because they were wondering what the point of the war and everything if they couldn’t move into that territory anyway???? The British enacted this because they are in a LOT of debt from the war, and they need the colonies to focus on making money, not traveling West.
What happens when George Grenville becomes Prime Minister in 1763?
Grenville does not want any more debt and he needs money to pay for and maintain the troops on the Proclamation line. He began strictly enforcing the Navigation Acts (the ones passed by CII and JII and not enforced by Mary and William) sharply increase the cost of imports; impacted importers in New England and the Middle colonies
Why did colonists’ object when the Navigation Acts were enforced by Grenville
To the colonists this was an improper use of the Navigation Acts, controlling imports and exports is meant to be about Britain interact the most with colonies, not just about getting revenue. Taxes that are designed to collect revenue should be done in institutions where colonists can decide what should be taxed and where those tax $s should go. They do not want to pay for the troops. Most American colonists are not thinking of this, only the ones impacted by it and the colonial elites.
What is the Sugar Act?
In 1764, LOWERED the tax on sugar from the West Indies, but increased enforcement against smugglers, and created more taxes. Sets up admiralty courts to try suspected smugglers, where they were guilty before innocent, no jury, and judge gets bonus if they are guilty, which colonists were very upset about. Sparks protests in New England (tarring and feathering, hanging in effigy, and damaging things.
Why did the British need to enforce the Navigation Acts (Grenville)
British colonists need to shoulder their share of these costs, Parliament is a (partially) elected body that has the power to impose taxes on British subjects. People in England pay so much more than the colonists, and they have paid for zero to be part of this empire. By 1763 the average person living in England was paying 26 x as much in taxes than the average American colonist
What was the Quartering Act?
In 1765, Act that stated colonies had to provide housing for British troops stationed along the proc line (build barracks, feed troops). This says that states must figure out how to raise money, feed, clothe, and house the soldiers. The colonists don’t do anything about it many colonial legislatures refuse to set aside $ for this.
What was the Stamp Act?
In 1765, instituted to pay for 1/3 of the cost of maintaining troops in colonies. Tax on over 50 items that were made/bought/sold IN the colonies, needed to pay stamp for any paper document, affected news man and lawyers, colonists are very angry because everyone is affected, internal tax used to earn for things the colonist doesn’t want, violators tried in Admiralty Courts, now all parts care, not just NE.
What were Virginia resolves and who wrote them?
In 1765, Patrick Henry made a speech in the House of Burgesses, known as the Virginia Resolves. (Made up of logical, reasonable, arguments that he thinks Parliament would have to listen to). Wanted to get all the colonies to put their names on the resolve. In summary: We have same rights as Englanders, I know because we have charters saying this, we did not choose this tax, and Englanders don’t have to pay this tax, you have never done this before so don’t start now.
