Chapter 4

Question 1

Why do James II and Charles II need money?

Answer 1

Both Charles II (1660-1685) and James II’s (1685-1688) parents were beheaded in an English revolution. After that, Charles spent a lot of money and was very in debt trying to get his position on the throne. So they needed money to pay back all of the people they borrowed from. They paid back some in charters, but the rest needed money.

Question 2

What are the Navigation Acts?

Answer 2

Enforced in the 1660s to 1690s (C II and J II), the Navigation Acts were Acts controlling what the colonies are importing and exporting, because England wanted to make more money off of the colonies. The Acts stated that all goods imported to colonies must be on english ships, goods exported must go to an England port before, and customs houses were set up to enforce laws (hated the most).

Question 3

What is mercantilism?

Answer 3

The idea that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world, and that countries have to export more than they import to be successful. This leads to the creation of colonies so colonies can earn money and be an export of the nation.

Question 4

How did the navigation Acts benefit the colonies and the economy?

Answer 4

The Acts diversified the colonial economy because they started making more of their own products, it helped shipbuilding to explode, it helped grow urban centers like Boston and New York, and it gave America a monopoly on the tobacco market in England

Question 5

How did Charles II and James II enforce more political control over the colonists?

Answer 5

Charles is advised by James to create Lords of Trade in 1675 and their jobs were to keep the colonists in line, and in 1684 the lords recommended consolidating colonies to keep them in line because they were tarring and feathering, burning effigys, destroying property, and threatening lives.

Question 6

How does the recommendation by the Lords of Trade impact the American colonies?

Answer 6

In response to the recommendation, James II made the super colony called Dominion of New England in 1686 (Charles II has died) and its goal was to reduce colonies to obedience. It consisted of all the New England colonies and eventually New York and New Jersey in 1688.

Question 7

What was government like in the Dominion?

Answer 7

No legislative branch, so they all listened to 1 man, Sir Edmund Andros who made all of the decisions, colonists upset because only 1 annual meeting per town, and the Navigation Acts were strictly enforced

Question 8

What were the problems with James II?

Answer 8

All of the colonists were angry with him, and he made enemies in England because his close cousin is in the French monarchy, and he is very open about his love for France, which is England’s long time enemy. His son, James III who is next in line for the throne, seemed too similar to him and subjects did not want a repeat of him. He also was Catholic in a country of Protestants and he shut down parliament left and right, so everyone was peeved at him.

Question 9

Who replaced James II?

Answer 9

He was replaced by his daughter Mary, and her husband William. They gladly agreed to rule, which James II fled to France. This change of power was called the glorious revolution because it was a bloodless exchange of power.

Question 10

What happened as a result of William and Mary taking the throne?

Answer 10

They break apart the super colony, restore the former colonial government, and merge Plymouth and MBC into Massachusetts, legislative branches and local govs are restored. And most importantly, they say that there are NO more religious qualifications for voting, only gender and property qualifications- this is the Biggest outcome of the Glorious Revolution, if you are white property owning male, you can vote

Question 11

What were some rebellions after the Glorious revolution?

Answer 11

One was Maryland Uprising in 1689 where Maryland’s Protestant Association overthrew the Catholic proprietor of Lord Baltimore, and his charter was withheld from him until his family was converted to Anglicanism. Leisler’s rebellion was different because it didn’t work: In 1689 Dutch inhabitants of New York wanted to escape from the rule of the Dominion of New England following the Glorious Revolution in England but it failed and led to the appointment of a Royal Governor in New York.

Question 12

What were general laws pertaining to slavery?

Answer 12

Slave codes were passed, the children of enslaved people always followed the mother’s background (because many white men had relations with black women), they defined slaves as Chattel (property), interracial marriage was illegal in some states, and there were no repercussions for killing/harming slaves.

Question 13

What were overt and covert means of resisting slavery?

Answer 13

Overt: rebellions (Stono rebellion in South Carolina) and this made codes even harsher and more strict
Covert: breaking tools (more difficult to work)

Question 14

How did Northern colonies (New England and the Middle colonies) benefit from slavery?

Answer 14

They financed slaves, made money from selling food to plantation owners, and made money by shipping slaves, and bought slave products, insurance companies are created to insure the lives of the Africans coming across the Middle Passage

Question 15

What was the role of the Royal African Company in slave trade?

Answer 15

Created by Charles II, led by James II and it was a monopoly in transporting enslaved peoples to the colonies. They brought 125,000 slaves over (1/5th died). Monopoly ended in 1689, when let many more merchants trade slaves, which boomed the industry

Question 16

What was the Stono rebellion?

Answer 16

Took place in South Carolina, September 1739
Literate enslaved man (Jemmy) led large group of slaves to Florida, because Spain promised to free slaves as a tactic against the English, killing several until the militia stopped them. Remaining slaves were either executed or sold to West Indies after this, slave codes became much harsher, the new one stopped them from assembling, growing their own food, learning to write, traveling freely, and other limits

Question 17

New York conspiracy trials: what do they illustrate about white colonists’ fears of slave rebellions?

Answer 17

The white colonists were fearful of a slave rebellion, so they spread rumors that it was actually enslaved people who started fires in the colony. Searching for solutions, British authorities interrogated hundreds and accused them and convicted them of it. 200 were arrested, 13 black men were burned at the stake, and 4 whites were hanged and 70 enslaved people were sold to the West Indies. This shows the racial divide and how paranoid the white colonists are, even though the conspiracy did not have evidence

Question 18

What were the strict slave codes that were enacted after rebellions?

Answer 18

Slaves could not assemble, read, wear “decent” clothes, had to have written permission to leave owners property (ends task system), white men must carry guns to church on Sunday, if a slave strikes a white person they can be killed, legislature had to approve manumission (freedom) if owner wanted to grant it (so nobody is freeing their slaves) limit number of African slaves arriving thought African-Americans would be less likely to rebel, escape
SEVERELY restrict the number of slaves coming directly from Africa

Question 19

What were some of the details of the middle passage?

Answer 19

No sanitary areas, no ventilations, all packed together below deck, lot of diseases, Trial of the Zong who left Africa, where disease spread throughout the ship, The captain through many slaves overboard, because dying by drowning was insured, but dying from sickness was not, during lawsuit about if insurance should pay they won

Question 20

What was the triangular trade?

Answer 20

(1700s to 1800s) Includes the shipment of raw materials and goods from America to Europe and goods to Africa (for slaves), the shipment of manufactured goods from Europe to Africa (for slaves) and to the Americas, middle passage from Africa to West Indies/America trading slaves for goods, and from West Indies to America for sugar.

Question 21

What were colonial governments like?

Answer 21

They had 3 branches, legislative (with a bicameral legislature with an Upper house and a Lower house), judicial, and executive. The legislative branch had the most power, the executive was headed by the governor, and the judicial was courts and judges.

Question 22

What was salutary neglect?

Answer 22

The fact that the colonies were allowed to evolve their own distinct governments by themselves because the British left them alone for a long time. They were all people willing to take risks, and the risk they took paid off. They had their own unique identity because the British were not controlling.

Question 23

What was the Enlightenment movement?

Answer 23

A movement to view the world around you through a lens of logic and reason, science is causing people to view the world differently, and let go of religious beliefs for scientific thinking. Begins in 1710s up to 1780s, intellectual movement that pushed the use of reason and logic to be applied to government as well as other areas of life.

Question 24

What was the Great Awakening movement?

Answer 24

A period of religious revival that spread throughout the colonies after the Enlightenment. It impacted Christianity in general in the colonies, not just one denomination, not just one region, and created many new denominations. Many moved to new sects of Protestantism (Presbyterian,Methodist, Baptist…) this lessens the power of any one denomination in the colonies and helped colonists to question authority/clergy and have own relationship with God (more religious diversity)

Question 25

What did John Locke say?

Answer 25

John Locke said that Hobbs is false and that there are three basic natural rights: life, liberty, and property. So because they are born with it, they know when they are violated. So he said the role of a government is to protect these natural rights. (Locke up your rights).

Question 26

What did Montesquieu say?

Answer 26

Montesquieu says what if the government is using its power to take away your natural rights, like taking your life, liberty or property. So he said there should be a separation of powers, with Executive, Legislative, and Judicial, where they can each check each other and have power divided equally.
(Separate Montestquieu into branches).

Question 27

What did Rousseau say?

Answer 27

Rousseau says that government is actually a contract (agreement between the government and the people) so it is called a social contract. So he agrees with Locke in the government’s job, and if it does anything other than that, the people have the right to back out and make another government by itself.
(rou-social contract)

Question 28

What did Voltaire say?

Answer 28

Voltaire says the government needs to be separated with the church, separation from church and state. So that there is greater tolerance in society and more people practicing unique religions. (V prying open the church and state)

Question 29

Who are the leading figures in the Great Awakening?

Answer 29

Jonathan Edwards was a New England Puritan who had passionate preachings in New England. George Whitefield came from England, traveled to all 13 colonies to preach, and he was Anglican.