Chapter 9

Question 1

Obesity Rates

Obesity Prevalence and Impact:

Answer 1

Obesity Rates: ~42.4% of U.S. adults (20+) and ~19.3% of youths (2-19).

Question 2

Health and Economic Impact

Obesity Prevalence and Impact:

Answer 2

Health and Economic Impact: Obesity contributes to preventable, premature deaths and costs the U.S. healthcare system $147 billion annually.

Question 3

Obesity Definition

Obesity Prevalence and Impact:

Answer 3

Obesity Definition: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², based on self-reported data collected via the CDC’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

Question 4

Physical Risks

Health Consequences of Obesity:

Answer 4

Physical Risks: Increased risk for mortality, hypertension, dyslipidemia, Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, certain cancers, and reduced quality of life.

Question 5

Mental Health Risks

Health Consequences of Obesity:

Answer 5

Mental Health Risks: Higher rates of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, social stigmatization, and discrimination.

Question 6

Multifactorial Causes

Causes of Obesity

Answer 6

Multifactorial Causes: Includes behavior, environment, genetics, certain diseases, and medications.

Question 7

Genetics

Causes of Obesity

Answer 7

Genetics: Genes interact with diet and activity, influencing energy balance and susceptibility to obesity. Epigenetics (environmental effects on gene expression) can impact appetite control and energy regulation.

Question 8

Key Hormones

Causes of Obesity

Answer 8

Key Hormones: Leptin (reduces appetite, promotes energy expenditure) and Ghrelin (increases hunger, lowers energy expenditure).

Question 9

Storage Mechanisms

Fat Cell Development and Metabolism:

Answer 9

Storage Mechanisms: Fat is stored in adipose tissue, and fat cells increase in size and number when energy intake exceeds expenditure.

Question 10

LPL

Fat Cell Development and Metabolism:

Answer 10

Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL): More active in obese individuals, aiding in fat storage; different levels in men (abdominal fat) and women (breast, thigh, hip fat).

Question 11

“Set Point” Theory

Fat Cell Development and Metabolism:

Answer 11

“Set Point” Theory: The body’s mechanism to regulate weight like a thermostat, which adjusts post-weight loss to regain weight.

Question 12

Obesogenic Environments

Environmental and Behavioral Influences

Answer 12

Obesogenic Environments: Availability of large portions and high-calorie foods, along with physical inactivity.

Question 13

Eating Cues

Environmental and Behavioral Influences

Answer 13

Eating Cues: Environmental cues can override hunger/satiety signals, contributing to overeating.

Question 14

Recommended

Weight-Loss Strategies:

Answer 14

Recommended: Healthy eating, physical activity, supportive environments, and psychosocial support.

Question 15

Sustainable Rate

Weight-Loss Strategies:

Answer 15

Sustainable Rate: Losing 0.5-2 lbs/week. Modest weight loss improves health indicators like blood glucose.

Question 16

Diet Tips

Weight-Loss Strategies:

Answer 16

Diet Tips: Plant-based foods, healthy fats, limiting sugars, energy-dense snacks, and balanced meal frequency (e.g., regular breakfast).

Question 17

Metabolic Boost

Physical Activity Benefits

Answer 17

Metabolic Boost: Helps retain lean muscle, supports fat loss, and manages appetite.

Question 18

Recommended Activity

Physical Activity Benefits

Answer 18

Recommended Activity: At least 60 mins/day of moderate-intensity exercise.

Question 19

Techniques

Behavior Modification

Answer 19

Techniques: Track behaviors, set SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-based), reward systems, and cognitive restructuring to manage emotional eating.

Question 20

Community Support

Behavior Modification

Answer 20

Community Support: Friends, support groups, and counseling for behavior reinforcement.

Question 21

Drug Options

Medical Interventions for Obesity

Answer 21

Drug Options: Prescription drugs like Contrave, Saxenda, Belviq, Alli, and Qsymia are FDA-approved but carry risks (e.g., GI issues, suicidal thoughts).

Question 22

Surgical Options

Medical Interventions for Obesity

Answer 22

Surgical Options: Bariatric surgery is considered for BMI > 40 (or >35 with health conditions), reducing stomach size and impacting hormones.

Question 23

Underweight

Answer 23

Definition: BMI < 18.5.
Weight Gain Strategy: Focus on energy-dense foods, regular meals, snacks, and healthy fats (mono/polyunsaturated).