Chapter 9 Flashcards
Obesity Rates
Obesity Prevalence and Impact:
Obesity Rates: ~42.4% of U.S. adults (20+) and ~19.3% of youths (2-19).
Health and Economic Impact
Obesity Prevalence and Impact:
Health and Economic Impact: Obesity contributes to preventable, premature deaths and costs the U.S. healthcare system $147 billion annually.
Obesity Definition
Obesity Prevalence and Impact:
Obesity Definition: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², based on self-reported data collected via the CDC’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
Physical Risks
Health Consequences of Obesity:
Physical Risks: Increased risk for mortality, hypertension, dyslipidemia, Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, certain cancers, and reduced quality of life.
Mental Health Risks
Health Consequences of Obesity:
Mental Health Risks: Higher rates of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, social stigmatization, and discrimination.
Multifactorial Causes
Causes of Obesity
Multifactorial Causes: Includes behavior, environment, genetics, certain diseases, and medications.
Genetics
Causes of Obesity
Genetics: Genes interact with diet and activity, influencing energy balance and susceptibility to obesity. Epigenetics (environmental effects on gene expression) can impact appetite control and energy regulation.
Key Hormones
Causes of Obesity
Key Hormones: Leptin (reduces appetite, promotes energy expenditure) and Ghrelin (increases hunger, lowers energy expenditure).
Storage Mechanisms
Fat Cell Development and Metabolism:
Storage Mechanisms: Fat is stored in adipose tissue, and fat cells increase in size and number when energy intake exceeds expenditure.
LPL
Fat Cell Development and Metabolism:
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL): More active in obese individuals, aiding in fat storage; different levels in men (abdominal fat) and women (breast, thigh, hip fat).
“Set Point” Theory
Fat Cell Development and Metabolism:
“Set Point” Theory: The body’s mechanism to regulate weight like a thermostat, which adjusts post-weight loss to regain weight.
Obesogenic Environments
Environmental and Behavioral Influences
Obesogenic Environments: Availability of large portions and high-calorie foods, along with physical inactivity.
Eating Cues
Environmental and Behavioral Influences
Eating Cues: Environmental cues can override hunger/satiety signals, contributing to overeating.
Recommended
Weight-Loss Strategies:
Recommended: Healthy eating, physical activity, supportive environments, and psychosocial support.
Sustainable Rate
Weight-Loss Strategies:
Sustainable Rate: Losing 0.5-2 lbs/week. Modest weight loss improves health indicators like blood glucose.
Diet Tips
Weight-Loss Strategies:
Diet Tips: Plant-based foods, healthy fats, limiting sugars, energy-dense snacks, and balanced meal frequency (e.g., regular breakfast).
Metabolic Boost
Physical Activity Benefits
Metabolic Boost: Helps retain lean muscle, supports fat loss, and manages appetite.
Recommended Activity
Physical Activity Benefits
Recommended Activity: At least 60 mins/day of moderate-intensity exercise.
Techniques
Behavior Modification
Techniques: Track behaviors, set SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-based), reward systems, and cognitive restructuring to manage emotional eating.
Community Support
Behavior Modification
Community Support: Friends, support groups, and counseling for behavior reinforcement.
Drug Options
Medical Interventions for Obesity
Drug Options: Prescription drugs like Contrave, Saxenda, Belviq, Alli, and Qsymia are FDA-approved but carry risks (e.g., GI issues, suicidal thoughts).
Surgical Options
Medical Interventions for Obesity
Surgical Options: Bariatric surgery is considered for BMI > 40 (or >35 with health conditions), reducing stomach size and impacting hormones.
Underweight
Definition: BMI < 18.5.
Weight Gain Strategy: Focus on energy-dense foods, regular meals, snacks, and healthy fats (mono/polyunsaturated).
