Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is part of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain, spinal cord
What is part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
afferent (sensory) division and efferent (motor) division
What is somatic sensory?
from body surface
What is visceral sensory?
from internal organs
What is somatic motor?
goes to skeletal muscles (voluntary)
What is visceral motor?
goes to organs- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)W
What is sympathetic nervous system?
fight or flight
What is parasympathetic nervous system?
rest and digest
How many pairs does the cranial nerve have
12, coming directly from the brain, can be afferent or efferent, or both
How many spinal nerves are there?
31, coming from spinal cord, dan be afferent and efferent
What is afferent?
flowing in, it arrives
What are interneurons?
short neurons connecting other neurons to the brain
What is efferent?
flowing out- exits
What conducts signals?
neurons
What contains nucleus and organelles?
cell body
what receives the signal?
dendrites
what transmits the signals?
axon
what insulates the axon and greatly speeds up signal conduction?
myeline sheath
what are supporting cells?
glial cells (neuroglia)
What is Myelin?
forms the myelin sheath that insulated axons of neurons to increase speed of action potential transmission
What are neuroglia that forms myelin sheath?
Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes
What form the myelin sheath on axons in the PNS?
Schwann cells
What forms the myelin sheath on axons in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
what goes back towards resting membrane potential?
repolarize
what is hyperolarization?
slight dip below resting voltage
What is a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lies outside the brain and spinal cord within the PNS, follows a specific bath and body region?
Never
bundles of axons having a common origin or destination and carrying similar information within the CNS?
Tract
What is the Nucleus?
a cluster of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS
This has small masses of nervous tissue containing primarily cell bodies of neurons located outside the brain and spinal cord i the PNS
ganglion
What initiates muscles contractions?
primary motor area
What is part of the Cerbrum?
cerebral cortex, cerebral lobes, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe,
What is gyri?
has folds and ridges
What is sulci
it has grooves
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
visual cortex/primary visual area
what initiate muscles contraction?
primary motor area
What is part of the cerebral lobes?
frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
generates emotions, speech, primary auditory area (hearing) and primary olfactory area (smell)
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
primary motor area generates emotions, speech (Broca’s area), memory/intellect
What does primary somatosensory division do?
interpret sensory information
What is the diencephalon?
the central core of the brain
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
primary somatosensory division, somatic sensory functions, posterior to central sulcus, can map out areas that receive signals from what part of the body and speech
What is Thalamus?
sensory relay station “switchboard’, sends sensory information to correct portion of brain
What is hypothalamus?
a brain area that regulates hormones, body temperature, hunger, and sleep, vital for homeostasis
What does hypothalamus control?
activities of ANS, release/makes hormones released from pituitary, regulates and controls body temperature, food intake, water intake, involved with emotion and sleep
What is the brain stem?
connects spinal cord to diencephalon, all motor and sensory functions pass through brainstem towards destination, sensory information integrated and interpreted
Describe the Midbrain
most superior, process visual and auditory sensory information, controls head/neck movement reflexes triggered by visual and auditory stimuli,
Describe the Pons
connects parts of the brain to spinal cord, works with medulla in breathing mechanics
Describe the Medulla Oblongata
most inferior, continuous with spinal cord. control and regulates heart rate, force of cardiac contraction, controls breathing, sneezing, coughing, vomiting and swallowing
What is the cerebellum?
second largest part of the brain, involved in muscle coordination, regulation of posture and balance, regulation of fine-tuned skilled motor skills
What is gray matter?
cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons
What is white matter?
myelinated axons
what are membranes covering the brain and spinal cord?
meninges
what has an outer, tough, fibrous largely connective tissue, just beneath skull or vertebrae?
dura mater
what is spiderweb-like connective tissue structire
arachnoid layer
what is thin, transparent layer, innermost layer with blood vessels, lymphatics for nourishment/drainage, lies on top of brains surface?
pia mater
What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
used primarily for fluid protection and nourishment, bathes brain and spinal cord, lumbar puncture and spinal tap removes CSF, colorless, carries oxygen and other needed chemicals from blood to neurons and neuroglia.
Where is CSF
subarachnoid space, ventricles, central canal of spinal cord,
What is the spinal cord
extends from brain to approximately level of L2 (T12-L3) major reflex center, conduction pathway between body and brain for motor and sensory functions,
what is at the terminal end of spinal cord?
concuss medullaris, anchored to coccyx by fibrous cord
what has never roots from lower spinal segments of cord that do not exit vertebral canal at the respective spinal segments, looks like a horse tail
cauda equina
what protects the spinal cord and has many vertebral foramina stacked up?
vertebral canal
where information enters and leaves spinal cord, contains interneurons and portions of sensory and motor neurons, in spinal never
Central- H shaped gray matter
sensory fibers entering gray matter
posterior roots
motor fibers exiting gray matter
anterior roots
this is where information ascends to or descends from the brain,
outer white matter
What is composed of descending tracts carrying motor information from the brain?
anterior white matter
What is composed of ascending tracts carrying sensory information to the brain?
posterior white matter
what are sympathetic nervous system survival effects?
pupils dilate, breathing and heart rate increase, BP goes up and digestion is inhibited
What are preganglionic neurons?
short and release neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)
what is postganglionic neurons?
long and release neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE)
What are the effects of rest with Parasympathetic nervous system
pupils contract, breathing and heart rate slow, BP decreases, stimulates digestion
Cranial Nerve I
olfactory receptors
Cranial Nerve II
Optic nerve
Cranial Nerve II
Oculomotor
Cranial Nerve IV
Trochlear
Cranial Nerve V
trigeminal nerve
Cranial nerve VI
Abducens nerve
Cranial nerve VII
facial
Cranial nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal
Cranial nerve X
vagus
Cranial nerve XI
accessory
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal
