Chapter 11 Flashcards
made up of cells, tissues, and organs
endocrine system
ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormone
endocrine glands
diffuse into bloodstream to act on specific target cells
hormones
secretes products into ducts, outside the internal environment, (sweat glands, sebaceous glands, glands that secret digestive jucies)
exocrine glands
secrete hormones into body fluids to affect target cells
endocrine glands
liposoluble so they can pass through cell membranes, act directly on DNA of cell to generate effeect
steriods
produced from amino acids, cannot directly enter cells, bind to receptors on cells surface acting as first messenger causing a second one to be released
nonsteroids
what feedback are most hormones released?
negative feedback
attached to and controlled by hypothalamus
pituitary gland
control by hypothalamus, releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus control the secretion from
anterior pituitary
stimulated body cells to grow and reproduce
growth hormone
promotes milk production
prolactin
controls the secretion of hormones from thyproid
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
controls the secretion of certain hormones from adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone after the male (testes) and female (ovaries) gonads
gonadotropins
stores hormones made by the hypothalamus, controlled by hypothalamus, releases these hormones in the blood in response to nerve impulses from hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
hormones in the anterior pituitary gland,
growth, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH AND LH
hormones in the posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin,) oxytocin (OT)
causes the kidneys to conserve water and reduce amount of water in urine
antidiuretic hormone
plays role in childbirth by contacting muscles in the uterine wall and in mile letdown by forcing milk into ducts, controlled by positive feedback
oxytocin
located below the laryx, two lobes
thyroid gland
what are the hormones in the thyroid gland
Thyroxine (T4 or tetraiodothyronine) and triiodothyronine (T3)
regulate metabolism of carbs, lipids and proteins, increases the rate at which cells release energy from crabs, enhance protein synthesis and stimulate breakdown and mobilization of lipids
T4,T3
lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when they are too high, increases calcium deposition in bones by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblast
calcitonion
increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases phosphate ion concentration, stimulates bone resportion by osteoclasts, which releases calcium into blood
Parathyroid hormones
controlled by negative feedback and 2 antagonistic horomes
calcium homeostasis
what increases blood calcium when it is too low?
PTH
what decreases blood calcium when it is to high?
calcitonin
sit atop of the kidneys
adrenal glands
this is the inner part, secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into bloodstream, effects resemble flight or fight effects of sympathetic nervous system,
adrenal medulla
outer layer, of adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
helps regulate mineral/electrolyte balance, causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and thus water to excrete potassium ions
aldosterone
aldosterone is screted in response to () blood volume and pressure
decreases
regulates glucose metabolism and promotes use of fatty acids for energy over glucose and promise live to generate new glucose
cortisol
these hormones control level of blood glucose
pancreatic hormones
secrets hormones as an endocrine gland and digestive juice into tract as exocrine glands
pancreas
two hormones of pancrease
glucagon and insulin
releases from alpha cells of pancreatic islets, increases the blood level of glucose by stimulating breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver, low blood glucose level simulcasts this secretion
glucagon
decreases the blood level of glucose by stimulating the liver to form glycogen, promotes facilitate diffusion of glucose into cells, stimulates adipose cells to store fat, controlled by negative feedback, high blood glucose stimulates the release
insulin
a metabolic disease due to lack of insulin or inability of cells to recognize insulin
diabetes mellitus
What is type 1 diabetes
lack of insulin
what is type 2 diabetes
Not enough insulin, life style, overweight
located near the upper portion of the thalamus in the brain, secretes melatonin
pineal gland
lies between the lungs behind the sternum, largest in children, secretes thymosin
thymus gland
