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Biology 202 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

What generates O2 and organic molecules used for cellular respiration?

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

What do exergonic catabolic reactions produce?

A

energy

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3
Q

What is included in cellular respiration?

A

both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
-often used to refer to aerobic respiration

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4
Q

Aerobic respiration is similar in broad principle to

A

the combustion of gasoline in an automobile engine after oxygen is mixed with hydrocarbon fuel

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5
Q

What is fermentation?

A

a partial degradation of sugars that occur without O2

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6
Q

Aerobic respiration consumes what?

A

organic molecules and O2

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7
Q

What does aerobic respiration yield?

A

ATP

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8
Q

What makes anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration?

A

consumes compounds other than O2

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9
Q

Redox reactions

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants = oxidation-reduction reactions

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10
Q

What happens in oxidation?

A

a substance loses electrons “oxidized”

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11
Q

What happens in reduction?

A

a substance gains electrons “reduced”(the amount of positive charge is reduced)

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12
Q

Reducing agent

A

the electron donor

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13
Q

oxidizing agent

A

the electron receptor

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14
Q

During cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?

A

the fuel(such as glucose) is oxidized and O2 is reduced

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15
Q

The more hydrogen atoms one molecule has the

A

better energy source it is

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16
Q

What is NAD+?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme derivative of the vitamin niacin

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17
Q

Where are electrons from organic compounds usually first transferred to?

A

NAD+

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18
Q

NAD+ functions as an

A

oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

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19
Q

NADH

A

the reduced from of NAD+ represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

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20
Q

Electron transport chain

A

-passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction
-NADH passes the electrons into the chain
-O2 pulls electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble

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21
Q

What occurs to the energy yielded from the electron transport chain?

A

it is used to regenerate ATP

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22
Q

What are the 3 stages of harvesting of energy from glucose?

A

-glycolysis(breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate)
-citric acid cycle(completes the breakdown of glucose)
-oxidative phosphorylation(accounts for most of the ATP synthesis)

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23
Q

What is the process that generates most of ATP?

A

oxidative phosphorylation(powered by redox reactions)

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24
Q

What accounts for almost 90% of ATP generated by cellular respiration?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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25
Q

What is formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle by substrate level phosphorylation?

A

a smaller amount of ATP

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26
Q

For each molecule of glucose catabolized to CO2 & water by respiration, the cell makes up how many molecules of ATP?

A

32 molecules

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27
Q

Glycolysis

A

-“splitting of sugar” breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
-occurs whether or not O2 is present
-occurs in cytoplasm & has 2 major phases

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28
Q

What are the 2 major phases of glycolysis?

A

-energy investment(the cell spends ATP)
-energy payoff(investment is repaid with interest)

29
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

-pyruvate enters the mitochondrion (in eukaryotic cells) where the oxidation of glucose is completed
-in the presence of O2
-“krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle”
-completes break down of pyruvate to CO2
-the cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating:
1 ATP, 3 NADH, & 1 FADH2 per turn

30
Q

what must occur before the citric acid cycle can begin?

A

pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A(Acetyl CoA, CoA derives from a B5 vitamin), which links glycolysis to citric acid cycle

31
Q

How many steps does the citric acid cycle have?

A

8 steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

32
Q

First step of citric acid cycle

A

the acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate

33
Q

The next 7 steps of the citric acid cycle

A

break down citrate back to oxaloacetate

34
Q

NADH & FADH2

A

account for most of the energy extracted from food

35
Q

What do NADH & FADH2 do?

A

donate electrons to electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

36
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion

37
Q

Electron Transport

A

-carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons
-electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O
-electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain
- electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes(each with an iron atom) to O2
-transport chain generates no ATP directly
-breaks the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts

38
Q

What causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to inter membrane space?

A

electron transfer in electron transport chain

39
Q

What does the H+ do?

A

moves back across membrane, passing through proton pump, ATP synthase

40
Q

What does ATP synthase use?

A

exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

41
Q

What’s an example of chemiosmosis?

A

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

42
Q

What does the energy stored in H+ gradient across membrane do?

A

couples the redox reactions of electron transport chain to ATP synthesis

43
Q

Energy flow

A

glucose-NADH-electron transport chain-proton motive force-ATP

44
Q

Glycolysis (not definition)

A

-anaerobic(does not need oxygen)
-occurs in cytoplasm
glucose-2 pyruvate+ 2NADH + 2ATP

45
Q

Krebs cycle

A

-aerobic(needs oxygen)
-occurs in matrix of mitochondria
2 Acetyl-coenzymeA - 4CO2 + 6NADH+ 2ATP + 2FADH2

46
Q

Electron Transport System

A

-aerobic(needs oxygen)
-occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria/cristae-invaginations passage of electrons from NADH to O2- H2O +H+gradient 26-28 ATP

47
Q

DG for 1 mol Glucose

A

-686 kcal/mo

48
Q

DG stored in 1 molecule of ATP

A

-7.3 kcal/mol

49
Q

7.3 kcal/mol(32)

A

233.6 kcal/mol

50
Q

233.6x100/686

A

34%( potential energy stored in glucose converted to ATP)

51
Q

Even the best man made engines can only achieve

A

25% efficiency

52
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

uses electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than O2(sulfate)

53
Q

Fermentation

A

uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP
-consists of glycolysis plus reaction that regenerate NAD+ which can be reused by glycolysis

54
Q

What are the 2 common types of fermentation?

A

alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation

55
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate converted to ethanol, releasing CO2

56
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate forming lactate, no release of CO2-human muscle cells to make ATP when O2 is scarce

57
Q

What occurs in all 3: fermentation, anaerobic, and aerobic respiration?

A

-all use glycolysis to oxidize glucose & harvest chemical energy of food
-NAD+ is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons during glycolysis

58
Q

What is different in all 3?

A

final electron acceptors:
-fermentation: an organic molecule(pyruvate, acetaldehyde)
-cellular respiration: O2

59
Q

True or False: cellular respiration produces 2 ATP per glucose and fermentation produces 32 ATP per glucose

A

False

60
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

-carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration
-cannot survive in presence of O2
-I.e. brain neurons, can carry out only aerobic oxidation of pyruvate, not fermentation

61
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

-can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
-pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to 2 alternative catabolic routes
-i.e. human muscle cells can behave as facultative anaerobes

62
Q

Glycolysis accepts a wide range of

A

carbohydrates

63
Q

Proteins

A

must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle, the -NH2 is release as urea

64
Q

Fats

A

digested to glycerol( used in glycolysis) & fatty acids(used in generating acetyl CoA)
-fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidization & yield as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate

65
Q

Glucose can be synthesized from

A

pyruvate

66
Q

Fatty acids can be synthesized from

A

acetyl CoA and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

67
Q

What do anabolic and biosynthetic pathways do with ATP?

A

consume not generate

68
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

most common mechanism for control
-if ATP concentration drops, respiration speeds up; if plenty of ATP, respiration slows down

Biology 202 (5 decks)

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