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BIOCHEM MIDTERMS > CHAPTER 9 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 9 Flashcards

1
Q

LEVELS OF STRUCTURES IN NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quaternary

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2
Q

Order of bases in the polynucleotide sequence

A

Primary structure

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3
Q

3D conformation of the polynucleotide backbone

A

Secondary structure

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4
Q

Structure that uses Supercoiling of the molecule in nucleotide

A

Tertiary structure

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5
Q

Structure of nucleotide that has an Interaction with other classes of macromolecules

A

Quaternary structure

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6
Q

Has 3 units [Purine, pyrimidine or phosphate groups]

A

NUCLEOTIDES

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7
Q

Six-membered ring and Parent compounds of several nucleobases

A

Pyrimidine bases

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8
Q

Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds that make up the coding portion of nucleic acids

A

Nucleic acid bases

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9
Q

five-membered ring and Parent compounds of adenine and guanine

A

Purine bases

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10
Q

common nucleobases in pyrimidine

A

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

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11
Q

common nucleobases in purine

A

Adenine and Guanine

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12
Q

Has longer name but shorter structures

A

Pyrimidine

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13
Q

Has shorter name but longer structures

A

Purine

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14
Q

Purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

A

NucleoSide

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15
Q

has 2 component and Lacks phosphate group

A

NucleoSide

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16
Q

Has Three components

A

NucleoTide

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17
Q

What are the components of NucleoTide

A

Sugar, Base and Phosphate group

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18
Q

How NucleoTide produces nucleic acids

A

By Polymerization

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19
Q

Forms the backbone of nucleic acids; esterified to the 3ʹ hydroxyl of one nucleoside and the 5ʹ hydroxyl of another nucleoside

A

3ʹ, 5ʹ-phosphodiester bond

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20
Q

Common system of notation uses only the single letters to show the order of the bases

A

DNA

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21
Q

5 amp signifies what?

A

5ʹ-adenosine monophosphate

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22
Q

3 amp signifies what?

A

3ʹ adenosine monophosphate

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23
Q

Where dG is part of?

A

DNA

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24
Q

G stands for? and part of?

A

Guanosine, RNA only

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25
Q

How sequence should be read?

A

5’ to 3’ sequence

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26
Q

Structure In DNA Sequence of bases along the pentose-phosphodiester

A

Primary Structure

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27
Q

DNA Ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands

A

Secondary Structure

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28
Q

Fundamental structural motif of DNA

A

DNA DOUBLE HELIX

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29
Q

Who proposes DNA DOUBLE HELIX?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953

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30
Q

Based on what is DNA DOUBLE HELIX?

A

Based on X-ray crystallography

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31
Q

How does base pairing is identified?

A

By Hydrogen Bonding

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32
Q

A—T base pair has ______ hydrogen bonds?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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33
Q

G—C base pair has ______ hydrogen bonds

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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34
Q

Larger of two empty spaces

A

Major groove

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35
Q

Smaller of two empty spaces

A

Minor groove

36
Q

Considered the normal, physiological DNA form

A

B-DNA

37
Q

Right-handed helix

A

B-DNA

38
Q

Whats the Difference of B-DNA & A-DNA?

A

both are Right-handed helix but A-DNA is
thicker

39
Q

Has 10 base pairs per turn of the helix

A

B-DNA

40
Q

Has 11 base pairs per turn of the helix and not found in vivo techniques

A

A-DNA

41
Q

Left-handed double helix

A

Z-DNA

42
Q

plays in regulation of gene expression

A

Z-DNA

43
Q

Has extra twists in closed circular DNA

A

DNA SUPERCOILS

44
Q

Type of double-stranded DNA in which the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends of each strand are joined by phosphodiester bonds

A

Circular DNA

45
Q

DNA with fewer than normal number of turns of the helix

A

negative supercoils

46
Q

DNA with more than normal number of turns of the helix

A

positive supercoils

47
Q

Coil direction of Counterclockwise

A

Positive Supercoils

48
Q

Coil direction of clockwise

A

Negative supercoils

49
Q

Enzymes that relax supercoiling in closed circular DNA

A

TOPOISOMERASES

50
Q

Cut the phosphodiester, pass the other end through, and reseal

A

Class I

51
Q

Cut both strands, cut ends, and reseal

A

Class II

52
Q

Bacterial topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils

A

DNA gyrase

53
Q

Complex of DNA and protein

A

Chromatin

54
Q

Basic proteins found complexed to eukaryotic DNA

A

Histones

55
Q

Main types of Histones

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4

56
Q

What are the basic amino acid residues in Histones

A

lysine and arginine

57
Q

What is the structure-like of chromatin

A

beads on a string

58
Q

Globular structure in which DNA is wrapped
around an aggregate of histone molecules

A

Nucleosome

59
Q

String portions are called

A

spacer regions

60
Q

This is when Energy must be added to a sample of DNA to break the hydrogen bonds and
to disrupt the stacking interactions

A

Denaturation of DNA

61
Q

Denaturation should be carried out by? and also known as?

A

Heat denaturation; Melting

62
Q

Bases absorb light in the what wavelength region?

A

260-nm-wavelength

63
Q

Does Wavelength of Absorption does not change?
T or F

A

TRUE

64
Q

If Wavelength of Absorption does not change, the Amount of light absorbed is?

A

Increases

65
Q

Does Renaturation is possible? How?

A

Yes, by slow cooling

66
Q

It is a single stranded helix

A

RNA

67
Q

what is the Pentose unit?

A

Beta D-Ribose

68
Q

Single-stranded polynucleotide chain between 73 and 94 nucleotide residues long

A

tRNA

69
Q

what type of bonding occurs in tRNA?

A

Intrachain hydrogen bonding

70
Q

tRNA carries amino acid on which end?

A

3’ end

71
Q

Ribonucleic acid is found in?

A

Ribosomes

72
Q

What is the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

73
Q

Used to monitor the dissociation and reassociation of ribosomes

A

Analytical Untracentrifugation

74
Q

This involves Transcription

A

mRNA

75
Q

This is known as draft before to be a complete RNA

A

heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

76
Q

This interrupts the messages and should be removed

A

Introns

77
Q

Found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells and has About 100 to 200 nucleotides long

A

snRNA

78
Q

Help with processing of the iniPal mRNA transcribed from DNA into a mature form

A

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Partcles (snRNPs)

79
Q

snRNPs is Protein–RNA complexes found in the nucleus that aid in processing RNA molecules and exported to?

A

Cytosol

80
Q

Who unwinds DNA double helix?

A

DNA HELICASE

81
Q

What is the direction of movement of DNA helicase?

A

To the Direction of movement of replication fork

82
Q

Who ensures correct base pairing

A

DNA POLYMERASE

83
Q

What is the preferred direction of DNA polymerase on a forming daughter strand?

A

5’ to 3’

84
Q

What is the preferred direction of DNA polymerase on a forming daughter strand?

A

5’ to 3’

85
Q

Who seals nicks/gaps of okazaki fragments?

A

Ligase

86
Q

Which strand grows in segments?

A

Lagging strand

87
Q

Other term of lagging strand?

A

Okazaki fragments

BIOCHEM MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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