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DevBio (M) > CHAPTER 9 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 9 Flashcards

1
Q

These cells are develop to form the vertebrate nervous
system as well as the epidermis of an organism.

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

3 major domains of ectoderm

A

a. Surface
b. Neural Crest
c. Neural Tube

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3
Q

→ is also known as the epidermis
→ the outer layer of our skin

A

Surface

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4
Q

→ the region that connects the neural tube and the
epidermis

A

Neural crest

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5
Q

→ forms the brain and the spinal cord

A

Neural tube

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6
Q

Parts of the Surface

A

Epidermis
Hair
Sebaceous gland
Olfactory epithelium
Mouth epithelium
Lens and cornea

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7
Q

Parts of the Neural Crest

A

● peripheral nervous system
○ schwann cells
○ neuroglial cells
○ sympathetic nervous system
○ parasympathetic nervous system
● adrenal medulla
● melanocytes
● facial cartilage
● dentine of teeth

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8
Q

Parts of the Neural Tube

A

● brain
● neural pituitary
● spinal cord
● motor neurons
● retina

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9
Q

________ → it is a structure that serves as the basis for
the nervous system

A

Neural Plate

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10
Q

________ → is a flexible rod-shape found in embryos of
all chordates composed of ________

A

Notochord
mesodermal cells

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11
Q

______ → a part of both digestive and respiratory system

A

Pharynx

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12
Q

4 Stages of Pluripotent Development into
Neuroblast

A

Competence
Specification
Commitment
Differentiation

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13
Q

→ multipotent cells become neuroblast once they
are exposed to the appropriate signals
→ have the ability to response to the particular
signals

A

Competence

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14
Q

→ the cells received the signals and successfully
develop into neuroblasts, but… progression along
the neural differentiation pathway repressed by
other signal
→ which means, that specification is a transition
between cells to become anything with their own
fates

A

Specification

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15
Q

→ the neuroblasts enter the neural differentiation
pathway and become neurons even in the presence
of signals
→ cells will develop into neuroblasts and cannot be
reversed

A

Commitment

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16
Q

→ the neuroblasts leave the mitotic cycle and
express those genes characteristics of neurons
→ this is a process in which the unspecialized cells
become specialized to carry out distinct functions

A

Differentiation

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17
Q

2 Ways of Neural Tube Formation

A

a. Primary Neurulation
b. Secondary Neurulation

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18
Q

→ the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the
neural plate to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off
the surface to form a hollow tube
→ the formation of the neural tube direct came from
the ectoderm

A

Primary neurulation

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19
Q

_________
→ the neural tube arises from the coalescence of
_______ into a solid cord that subsequently forms
cavities that coalesce to create a hollow tube
→ neural tube arises from mesenchyme cells underneath
the ectoderm

A

Secondary neurulation
mesenchyme cells

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20
Q

→ the anterior portion of the neural tube is made by
_________
→ the posterior portion of the neural tube is made by
_________
→ joining these two separated tubes together forms
the _________

A

primary neurulation
secondary neurulation
neural tube

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21
Q

3 Sets of Cells in Ectoderm

A

● the internally positioned neural tube
● the externally positioned epidermis of the
skin
● the neural crest

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22
Q

________ → forms when the edges of neural plate
thicken and move upward

A

Neural folds

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23
Q

________ → appears in the center of the plate,
dividing the future right and left sides of the embryo

A

Neural groove

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24
Q

4 Stages of Neurulation

A
  1. Formation and folding of the neural tube
  2. Shaping and elevation of the neural tube
  3. Convergence of the neural fold, creating a neural groove
  4. Closure of the neural groove to form a neural tube
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25
Q

Primary Neurulation is regulated by two forces

A

Intrinsic wedging
Extrinsic forces

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26
Q

_________ anchored to
the surface ectoderm, and increase their height and
become wedge-shaped

A

dorsolateral hinge points (DLHPs)

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27
Q

_______ - is intimately linked to
changes in cell shape

A

cell wedging

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28
Q

_______ - an inhibitor of
microtubule polymerization

A

colchicine

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29
Q

___________ - an inhibitor of the microfilament formation
- prevents the apical constriction of these cells, thereby inhibiting wedge formation

A

cytochalasin B

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30
Q

__________ - the actin-binding protein Shroom critical
in initiating the apical constriction to bend the neural
plate

A

Xenopus

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31
Q

the neural tube closes as the paired neural folds are
brought together at the ______

A

dorsal midline

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32
Q

2 Open Ends of Neural Plate

A

● Anterior Neuropore
● Posterior Neuropore

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33
Q

Different Neural Tube Defects

A

Spina Bifida
Anencephaly
Craniorachischisis

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34
Q

→ failure to close the posterior neuropore
around day 27 of development
→ the severity depends on how much of the
spinal cord remains exposed
→ similar defect this time occurring at the
caudal end of the neural tube

A

Spina Bifida

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35
Q

→ a lethal condition in which failure to close
sites 2 and 3 in the rostal neural tube keeps the
anterior neuropore open
→ the forebrain remains in contact with the
amniotic fluid and subsequently degenerates
→ the fetal forebrain ceases development and
the vault of the skull fails to form
→ absence of the major portion of the brain
that occurs during embryonic development
→a cephalic disorder that results from a neural
tube defect occurring when the rostal end of
the neural fails to close
→ typically happens between the 23rd and
26th day of conception

A

Anencephaly

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36
Q

→ failure of the entire neural tube to close over
the entire body axis
→ neural tube closure is also the result of extrinsic and
intrinsic forces

A

Craniorachischisis

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37
Q

Essential for Neural Tube Formation

A

● Pax3
● Sonic hedgehog
● Openbrain genes
● Cholesterol
● Folate

38
Q

pregnant women are often advised to take
supplements of _______ due to the role that
foliate binding protein exerts on neural tube
closure

A

folic acid

39
Q

In secondary neurolation, mesenchyme cells will condense into a ___________
→ the central portion of this cord undergoes
cavitation to form hollow spaces called ________

A

medullary
cord
lumens

40
Q

Primary vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

41
Q

Secondary vesicles

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

42
Q

It will eventually form the
cerebral hemispheres

A

Telencephalon

43
Q

________ - will form the optic
vesicles—the future retina—as well as the
thalamic and hypothalamic brain regions,
which receive neural input from the retina.
The retina itself is a derivative of the
diencephalon

A

Diencephalon

44
Q

__________ - remains undivided, and
its inner space eventually forms the
cerebral aqueduct.

A

Mesencephalon

45
Q

_________ - The lower part of the
brain (myelencephalon) becomes the
medulla oblongata, which controls things
like feeling pain in the head and neck,
hearing, moving the tongue, and regulating
heartbeat, breathing, and digestion.

A

Metencephalon

46
Q

Two important signaling molecules:

A
  1. Sonic Hedgehog
  2. TGF-β protein
47
Q

_____ is secreted from the notochord and induces the medial hinge point cells to become the ______ of the neural tube.

A

Sonic Hedgehog
floor
plate

48
Q

______ - The dorsal fates of the neural tube are
established by proteins of the TGF-p superfamily
(BMP4 and BMP7)

A

TGF-β

49
Q

The human brain consists of more than _____ neurons
associated with over _____ glial cells.

A

1011
1012

50
Q

The
neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to
three main types of cells.

A

● ventricular (ependymal)
● precursors of the neurons
● precursors of the glial cells

51
Q

Important feature of a developing neuron

A

● Dendrites
● Synapses
● Axon
● Cell body or som
● Neurite

52
Q

● Within the central nervous system, axons are
insulated at intervals by processes that originate from a type of glial cell called an
_________.
● The oligodendrocyte wraps itself around the
developing axon, then produces a specialized
cell membrane called a __________.
● In the peripheral nervous system, myelination
is accomplished by a glial cell type called the
_________

A

oligodendrocyte
myelin sheath
Schwann cell

53
Q

The _________, the largest part of the brain, plays a
pivotal role in cognitive functions and sensory processing.
It is responsible for higher-order functions such as
perception, memory, language, and decision-making.

A

cerebrum

54
Q

The __________ involves intricate
processes of cell migration, differential neuronalproliferation, and selective cell death, leading to
modifications of the three-zone pattern observed in neural
development

A

cerebellar organization

55
Q

Cortical neurons are generated from three types of
neural precursor cells

A

• Radial glia cells (RGC)
• Short neural precursors (SNP)
• Intermediate progenitor cells (IPC)

56
Q

Development of vertebrate eye process

A
  1. Specification of the Neural Tube
  2. Formation of the Eye Field
  3. Separation of the Eye Field
  4. Formation of the Eye
  5. Differentiation of Cells
57
Q

________: A transcription factor involved in the
development of various organs, including the eye

A

Pax2

58
Q

_______ , involved in various cellular processes
including cell differentiation.

A

BMP signals

59
Q

important for the development of
melanocytes and pigmented tissues.

A

MITF (Microphthalmia-associated transcription
factor)

60
Q

critical for eye
development and retinal differentiation

A

Rx gene: (Retinal homeobox gene)

61
Q

_________: A transcription factor that regulates
the expression of genes involved in eye
development and patterning.

A

Otx2 protein

62
Q

______: A transcription factor essential for eye
development, particularly in the formation of the
retina and lens.

A

Pax6

63
Q

______: A transcription factor involved in eye
development, including the specification of retinal
neurons.

A

Six3

64
Q

If the Sonic hedgehog protein is inhibited, the eye
field fails to divide, resulting in _______

A

cyclopia

65
Q

The neural tube undergoes complex developmental processes leading to the formation of distinct layers.

A

Spinal cord and medulla organization

66
Q

Adjacent cells to the lumen continue to divide, forming a second layer known as the ________.

A

mantle zone

67
Q

Neurons in the mantle zone make connections and send axons away from the lumen, creating a cell-poor marginal zone.

A

Formation of gray and white matter

68
Q

Retention of Three-Zone Pattern
→In the spinal cord and medulla, the three-zone pattern of ______, _____, and ______ persists throughout development.

A

ventricular, mantle, and marginal layers

69
Q

The organization of the cerebellum involves intricate processes of ______, ________, and _______, leading to modifications of the three-zone pattern observed in neural development

A

cell migration, differential neuronal proliferation, and selective cell death

70
Q

The ________, the ________ plays a crucial role in cognitive functions such as perception, memory, and language. Its formation begins with the intricate orchestration of stem cells and precursor cells within the developing brain.

A

• neocortex
• outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres

71
Q

Divide at the apical (luminal) surface of the ventricular layer

A

Radial glia cells (RGC)

72
Q

They are committed neural precursors

A

Short neural precursors

73
Q

They undergo neurogenic divisions, with a small fraction undergoing symmetrical proliferative divisions (dotted circular arrow).

A

Intermediate progenitor cells

74
Q

3 types of neural precursorcells

A

Radial glial cells
Short neural precursor
Intermediate progenitor cells

75
Q

Formation of the eye field begins with the specification of the neural tube. The protein _____ induces expression of the gene _____ which allows the specification of forebrain and midbrain on the neural plate.

A

Noggin
Otx2

76
Q

Once Otx2 proteins accumulate, ____ gene is produced which inhibits further production of Otx2 proteins while activating Pax6 and Six3 genes to form the eye field.

A

Rx1

77
Q

• The eye field is separated into two fields due to the secretion of the ________ protein by the prechordal plate.
• Neurulation then continues and the eye fields leave depressions on the neural tube called _____.
• The optic grooves grow until they reach the surface ectoderm. Once this happens, they become _______ and the surface ectoderm at the point of contact differentiates into the _______.

A

Sonic hedgehog
optic grooves
optic vesicles
lens placode

78
Q

If _____ has a loss-of-function mutation, the organism will have small eyes or lack eyes altogether.

A

Pax6

79
Q

If the ______ protein is inhibited, the eye field will not separate, resulting in _____, a lethal disorder.

A

Sonic hedgehog
cyclopia

80
Q

If the Sonic hedgehog protein is overexpressed, the eye will fail to form. This is observed in the cave-dwelling fish _______.

A

Astyanax mexicanus

81
Q

______ • is the outer layer of skin
• it originates from the
ectodermal.
-outer layer gives rise to the ______
-inner layer, called the basal layer or stratum germinativum give rise to the ________.

A

Epidermis
periderm
true epidermis

82
Q

Factors that stimulate the development of the epidermis

A

• BMPs and P63 Transcription Factor
• P63 Transcription Factor
• Jagged and Notch Pathway

83
Q

Cutaneous appendages:

A

Hair
Scale
Feather

84
Q

The formation of appendage (hair, scale, feather) equires a series of reciprocal inductive interactions between the dermal mesenchyme and the ectodermal epithelium, resulting in the formation of epidermal thickenings called _____.
The epidermal cells have the ability to secrete _______.

A

placodes
Wnt proteins

85
Q

Determination of the hair follicle versus the epidermal fate. This is done by _______

A

Wnt signalling

86
Q

Contributes to the patterning of the distribution of the hair follicles.

A

Wnt signalling

87
Q

• Proliferation of epidermal cells results in formation of the _______.
• The dermal fibroblasts respond to the ingression of epidermal cells by forming ______.
• The hair shaft engulfs the dermal papilla and forms the _______ directly above the papilla.

A

• Hair follicle placode
• dermal papilla
• inner hair root

88
Q

______
→The first hairs in the human embryo. Thin, and closely spaced.
______
→ Fine, unpigmented and covers the body of children and adults.
______
→ Longer and thicker.

A

Lanugo
Vellus hair
U
Terminal hair

89
Q

Hair growth cycle

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen
Return to anagen

90
Q

It gives rise to the hair shaft, sheath, and sebaceous gland

A

Multipotent follicular stem cell

91
Q

gives rise to the pigment of the skin and hair

A

Melanocyte stem cell

92
Q

The _____ appears to be a niche that allows cells to retain the quality of “stemness.”

A

bulge

DevBio (M) (5 decks)

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