CHAPTER 12

Question 1

Heart development arises from _________.

Answer 1

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 2

Heart ______ cells migrate to form primary and secondary heart fields.

Answer 2

progenitor

Question 3

Contributes to forming
the early heart structure,
including the left
ventricle, parts of the
atria, and the outflow
tract

Answer 3

Primary (Blue)

Question 4

Supports heart growth by
adding cells to the initial
structure, forming the
right ventricle, remaining
atrial parts, and the
inflow tract.

Answer 4

Secondary (red)

Question 5

The ________ are in most lateral while the _______ are in medial.

Answer 5

• inflow tract (left ventricle and the atria

• outflow tract (conus
arteriosus and truncus
arteriosus)

Question 6

This instruction guides the lateral plate mesoderm to become precursors of blood and blood vessels.

Answer 6

Wnt signalling pathway

Question 7

It promotes differentiation

Answer 7

BMP (bone morphogenic protein)

Question 8

• Further guides cardiogenic mesoderm development.
• Ensures proper heart tissue formation.

Answer 8

FgF8 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 8)

Question 9

_______ is characterized by the presence of two separate heart primordia.

Answer 9

Cardia bifida

Question 10

_______ - critical in specifying the posterior cardiac precursor cells into becoming the inflow.

Answer 10

Retinoic Acid (RA)

Question 11

A common progenitor cell type gives rise to all heart cells, including

Answer 11

•ventricular myocytes
•atrial myocytes
•smooth muscles, endothelial cells,
• epicardium

Question 12

In heart development, two cell groups transform into heart cells. Certain cells in the ventral splanchnic mesoderm express N-cadherin, forming the pericardial cavity.

Answer 12

Endocardium
Myocardium

Question 13

The two endocardia eventually fuse, except for the unfused posterior portions.

Answer 13

Vitelline veis

Question 14

The chamber that receives blood

Answer 14

Atrium

Question 15

The chamber responsible for pumping blood

Answer 15

Ventricle

Question 16

In chick embryos, blood entering the _______ and being pumped out through the ______.

Answer 16

lower chamber
aorta

Question 17

Pulsations ability to contract due to the appearance of the ______ exchange

Answer 17

sodium-calcium

Question 18

Blood vessels and blood cells are believed to share a common precursor, the ________.

Answer 18

hemangioblast

Question 19

______ in the splanchnic mesoderm condense into aggregations that are often called blood islands.

Answer 19

Hemangioblasts

Question 20

Common progenitor blood vessels and blood cells:

Answer 20

•Hematopoietic (blood)
•Endothelial (vascular)

Question 21

The pathway whereby ventral mesoderm cells differentiate into hemangioblasts appears to be induced by the ______ gene and the notch signaling pathway.

Answer 21

Cdx4

Question 22

_________ formation is first seen in the wall of the yolk sac, where undifferentiated mesenchyme cells cluster to form blood islands.

Answer 22

Blood vessel

Question 23

The development of blood vessels occurs in two distinct regions in amniotes:

Answer 23

• Extraembryonic vasculogenesis
• Intraembryonic vasculogenesis

Question 24

Lumen formation in vessels: •Vacuoles accumulation occurs in ______ (endocytosis)
•Vacuoles merge forming “______”
•Continued fusion leads eventually to the lumen being formed.

Answer 24

lumen cells
megavacuoles

Question 25

required for the generation of hemangioblasts from the splanchnic mesoderm.

Answer 25

Basic fibroblast growth factor

Question 26

enable the differentiation of the angioblasts and their multiplication to form endothelial tubes

Answer 26

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs)

Question 27

mediate the interaction between the endothelial cells and the pericytes

Answer 27

Angiopoietins

Question 28

______ have an extensive coating of smooth muscle and a rich and elastic extracellular matrix.

Answer 28

Arteries

Question 29

_____ have less extensive musculature and are characterized by valves that direct the flow of blood

Answer 29

Veins

Question 30

Main inducers of VEGF proteins is _____ (low oxygen).

Answer 30

hypoxia

Question 31

______ allows the nerves to obtain oxygen and allows hormones in the blood to regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Answer 31

Proximity

Question 32

The _______ is mainly derived from the sprouting of endothelial cells from the dorsal aorta during the initial steps of nephrogenesis

Answer 32

kidney vasculature

Question 33

The mechanism allowing the nerves and blood vessels to become adjacent is a ______

Answer 33

reciprocal induction

Question 34

- a condition of pregnant women characterized by hypertension and poor renal filtration (both of which are kidney problems) and fetal distress. - is the leading cause of premature infants and a major cause of maternal and fetal deaths

Answer 34

Preeclampsia

Question 35

The _______ forms a separate system of vessels which is essential for draining fluid and transporting lymphocytes.

Answer 35

lymphatic vasculature

Question 36

generation of blood cells

Answer 36

Hematopoiesis

Question 37

blood islands in the ventral mesoderm surrounding the yolk sac

Answer 37

Splanchnopleure

Question 38

critical in the formation of the blood islands in the mammalian extraembryonic mesoderm

Answer 38

BMP4

Question 39

remarkable cell, common precursor of red blood cells, white blood cells, and lymphocytes

Answer 39

Bone marrow

Question 40

synthesizing enormous amounts of hemoglobin

Answer 40

Erythroblast

Question 41

mammalian erythroblast expels its nucleus and becomes a ________

Answer 41

reticulocyte

Question 42

mature red blood cells

Answer 42

Erythrocyte

Question 43

induce different sets of transcription factors and these specify the fate of the particular cells

Answer 43

Hematopoietic inductive microenvironments

Question 44

made by several cell types, but collected and concentrated by ECM of the stromal (mesenchymal) cells

Answer 44

Cytokinesis

Question 45

•spleen- colonies that were predominantly erythroid •bone marrow- colonies that were predominantly granylocytic

Answer 45

CMPs

Question 46

•derived from its own stem cell •not only differentiates into osteoblast, also produces new population of bone marrow stem cells

Answer 46

Hematopoietic stem cell niche

Question 47

forms as an outgrowth of the digestive tube and eventually bifurcates into the two lungs

Answer 47

Respiratory tube

Question 48

region of digestive system tube anterior to the point where the respiratory tube branches off

Answer 48

Pharynx

Question 49

view that the embryo constructed itself “from scratch”, no small, preformed individual resided within the sperm or egg

Answer 49

Epigenesis

Question 50

_____ - In the foregut cells from the lateral portions of the anterior endoderm move ventrally to form the lateral portions _____ - forms from the posterior endoderm

Answer 50

Anterior intestinal portal Caudal intestinal portal

Question 51

• region of ectoderm • it breaks and creating the oral opening of the digestive tube

Answer 51

Oral plate

Question 52

meeting of endoderm and ectoderm at the anus

Answer 52

Anorectal junction

Question 53

It serves as the meeting point between the endoderm and ectoderm.

Answer 53

Pharynx

Question 54

The endoderm also forms the lining of three accessory organs that develop immediately caudal to the stomach: the _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 54

liver, pancreas, and gall bladder.

Question 55

The ______ is a bud of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme.

Answer 55

hepatic diverticulum

Question 56

The ______ develops from the fusion of distinct dorsal and ventral diverticula. As they grow, they come closer together and eventually fuse.

Answer 56

pancreas

Question 57

The _____ are a derivative of the digestive tube

Answer 57

lungs

Question 58

This groove bifurcate /divided into the two branches that form the paired bronchi and lungs.

Answer 58

Laryngotracheal groove

Question 59

The _____ enables the alveolar cells to touch one another without sticking together.

Answer 59

surfactant

Question 60

Extraembryonic membranes

Answer 60

amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac

Question 61

The cells of this membrane secrete amnionic fluid; thus, embryogenesis still occurs in water

Answer 61

Amnnion

Question 62

the outermost extraembryonic membrane and responsible for gas exchange

Answer 62

Chorion

Question 63

an extra-embryonic membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals arising as a pouch, or sac, from the hindgut.

Answer 63

Allantois

Question 64

a small membranous structure outside the embryo with various functions during embryonic development.

Answer 64

Yolk sac

Question 65

This extremely crucial for chick development and is responsible for transporting calcium from the eggshell into the embryo for bone production.

Answer 65

Chorioallantoic membrane

Question 66

The yolk sac is derived from _______ cells that grow over the yolk to enclose it

Answer 66

splanchnopleural