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DevBio (M) > CHAPTER 12 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Heart development arises from _________.

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

Heart ______ cells migrate to form primary and secondary heart fields.

A

progenitor

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3
Q

Contributes to forming
the early heart structure,
including the left
ventricle, parts of the
atria, and the outflow
tract

A

Primary (Blue)

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4
Q

Supports heart growth by
adding cells to the initial
structure, forming the
right ventricle, remaining
atrial parts, and the
inflow tract.

A

Secondary (red)

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5
Q

The ________ are in most lateral while the _______ are in medial.

A

• inflow tract (left ventricle and the atria

• outflow tract (conus
arteriosus and truncus
arteriosus)

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6
Q

This instruction guides the lateral plate mesoderm to become precursors of blood and blood vessels.

A

Wnt signalling pathway

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7
Q

It promotes differentiation

A

BMP (bone morphogenic protein)

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8
Q
  • Further guides cardiogenic mesoderm development.
  • Ensures proper heart tissue formation.
A

FgF8 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 8)

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9
Q

_______ is characterized by the presence of two separate heart primordia.

A

Cardia bifida

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10
Q

_______ - critical in specifying the posterior cardiac precursor cells into becoming the inflow.

A

Retinoic Acid (RA)

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11
Q

A common progenitor cell type gives rise to all heart cells, including

A

•ventricular myocytes
•atrial myocytes
•smooth muscles, endothelial cells,
• epicardium

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12
Q

In heart development, two cell groups transform into heart cells. Certain cells in the ventral splanchnic mesoderm express N-cadherin, forming the pericardial cavity.

A

Endocardium
Myocardium

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13
Q

The two endocardia eventually fuse, except for the unfused posterior portions.

A

Vitelline veis

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14
Q

The chamber that receives blood

A

Atrium

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15
Q

The chamber responsible for pumping blood

A

Ventricle

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16
Q

In chick embryos, blood entering the _______ and being pumped out through the ______.

A

lower chamber
aorta

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17
Q

Pulsations ability to contract due to the appearance of the ______ exchange

A

sodium-calcium

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18
Q

Blood vessels and blood cells are believed to share a common precursor, the ________.

A

hemangioblast

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19
Q

______ in the splanchnic mesoderm condense into aggregations that are often called blood islands.

A

Hemangioblasts

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20
Q

Common progenitor blood vessels and blood cells:

A

•Hematopoietic (blood)
•Endothelial (vascular)

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21
Q

The pathway whereby ventral mesoderm cells differentiate into hemangioblasts appears to be induced by the ______ gene and the notch signaling pathway.

A

Cdx4

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22
Q

_________ formation is first seen in the wall of the yolk sac, where undifferentiated mesenchyme cells cluster to form blood islands.

A

Blood vessel

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23
Q

The development of blood vessels occurs in two distinct regions in amniotes:

A

• Extraembryonic vasculogenesis
• Intraembryonic vasculogenesis

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24
Q

Lumen formation in vessels: •Vacuoles accumulation occurs in ______ (endocytosis)
•Vacuoles merge forming “______”
•Continued fusion leads eventually to the lumen being formed.

A

lumen cells
megavacuoles

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25
Q

required for the generation of hemangioblasts from the splanchnic mesoderm.

A

Basic fibroblast growth factor

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26
Q

enable the differentiation of the angioblasts and their multiplication to form endothelial tubes

A

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs)

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27
Q

mediate the interaction between the endothelial cells and the pericytes

A

Angiopoietins

28
Q

______ have an extensive coating of smooth muscle and a rich and elastic extracellular matrix.

A

Arteries

29
Q

_____ have less extensive musculature and are characterized by valves that direct the flow of blood

A

Veins

30
Q

Main inducers of VEGF proteins is _____ (low oxygen).

A

hypoxia

31
Q

______ allows the nerves to obtain oxygen and allows hormones in the blood to regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Proximity

32
Q

The _______ is mainly derived from the sprouting of endothelial cells from the dorsal aorta during the initial steps of nephrogenesis

A

kidney vasculature

33
Q

The mechanism allowing the nerves and blood vessels to become adjacent is a ______

A

reciprocal induction

34
Q
  • a condition of pregnant women characterized by hypertension and poor renal filtration (both of which are kidney problems) and fetal distress.
  • is the leading cause of premature infants and a major cause of maternal and fetal deaths
A

Preeclampsia

35
Q

The _______ forms a separate system of vessels which is essential for draining fluid and transporting lymphocytes.

A

lymphatic vasculature

36
Q

generation of blood cells

A

Hematopoiesis

37
Q

blood islands in the ventral mesoderm surrounding the yolk sac

A

Splanchnopleure

38
Q

critical in the formation of the blood islands in the mammalian extraembryonic mesoderm

A

BMP4

39
Q

remarkable cell, common precursor of red blood cells, white blood cells, and lymphocytes

A

Bone marrow

40
Q

synthesizing enormous amounts of hemoglobin

A

Erythroblast

41
Q

mammalian erythroblast expels its nucleus and becomes a ________

A

reticulocyte

42
Q

mature red blood cells

A

Erythrocyte

43
Q

induce different sets of transcription factors and these specify the fate of the particular cells

A

Hematopoietic inductive microenvironments

44
Q

made by several cell types, but collected and concentrated by ECM of the stromal (mesenchymal) cells

A

Cytokinesis

45
Q

•spleen- colonies that were predominantly erythroid
•bone marrow- colonies that were predominantly granylocytic

A

CMPs

46
Q

•derived from its own stem cell
•not only differentiates into osteoblast, also produces new population of bone marrow stem cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cell niche

47
Q

forms as an outgrowth of the digestive tube and eventually bifurcates into the two lungs

A

Respiratory tube

48
Q

region of digestive system tube anterior to the point where the respiratory tube branches off

A

Pharynx

49
Q

view that the embryo constructed itself “from scratch”, no small, preformed individual resided within the sperm or egg

A

Epigenesis

50
Q

_____ - In the foregut cells from the lateral portions of the anterior endoderm move ventrally to form the lateral portions

_____ - forms from the posterior endoderm

A

Anterior intestinal portal
Caudal intestinal portal

51
Q

• region of ectoderm
• it breaks and creating the oral opening of the digestive tube

A

Oral plate

52
Q

meeting of endoderm and ectoderm at the anus

A

Anorectal junction

53
Q

It serves as the meeting point between the endoderm and ectoderm.

A

Pharynx

54
Q

The endoderm also forms the lining of three accessory organs that develop immediately caudal to the stomach: the _____, _____, and _____.

A

liver, pancreas, and gall bladder.

55
Q

The ______ is a bud of endoderm that extends out from the foregut into the surrounding mesenchyme.

A

hepatic diverticulum

56
Q

The ______ develops from the fusion of distinct dorsal and ventral diverticula. As they grow, they come closer together and eventually fuse.

A

pancreas

57
Q

The _____ are a derivative of the digestive tube

A

lungs

58
Q

This groove bifurcate /divided into the two branches that form the paired bronchi and lungs.

A

Laryngotracheal groove

59
Q

The _____ enables the alveolar cells to touch one another without sticking together.

A

surfactant

60
Q

Extraembryonic membranes

A

amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac

61
Q

The cells of this membrane secrete amnionic fluid; thus, embryogenesis still occurs in water

A

Amnnion

62
Q

the outermost extraembryonic membrane and responsible for gas exchange

A

Chorion

63
Q

an extra-embryonic membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals arising as a pouch, or sac, from the hindgut.

A

Allantois

64
Q

a small membranous structure outside the embryo with various functions during embryonic development.

A

Yolk sac

65
Q

This extremely crucial for chick development and is responsible for transporting calcium from the eggshell into the embryo for bone production.

A

Chorioallantoic membrane

66
Q

The yolk sac is derived from _______ cells that grow over the yolk to enclose it

A

splanchnopleural

DevBio (M) (5 decks)

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