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DevBio (M) > CHAPTER 11 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is a crucial process in embryonic development, involving the creation of a mesodermal layer between the endoderm and ectoderm.

A

Gastrulation

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2
Q

It extends beneath the neural tube, forming bands of mesodermal cells on either side.

A

notochord

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3
Q

3 major compartments of somite

A

Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermomyotome

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4
Q

Forms the vertebrae and rib cartilage

A

Sclerotome

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5
Q

Forms the musculature back, rib cage and ventral body dome.

A

Myotome

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6
Q

Contains skeletal muscle progenitor cells and cells that generate the dermis of the back

A

Dermamyotome

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7
Q

Arises from the most dorsal sclerotome that generates tendons

A

Syndetome

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8
Q

Forms from the internal cells of the sclerotome

A

Arthronome

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9
Q

Somitogenesis have 5 important components

A

Periodicity
Fissure formation
Epithelialization
Specification
Differentiation

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10
Q

Somite formation begins as paraxial mesoderm cells become organized into whorls of cells, sometimes called ________

A

somitomeres

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11
Q

Because individual embryos in any species can develop at slightly different rates the number of _____ present is usually the best indicator of how far development has proceeded.

A

somites

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12
Q

It is a “clock and wave” mechanism, involving Notch and Wnt pathways and a rostral-to-caudal gradient.

A

Somite formation

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13
Q

Somites appear at the same time on both sides of the embryo, and the clock for formation is set when cells first enter the __________.

A

presomitic mesoderm

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14
Q

Somite formation starts from the _______ and proceeds rostrally if the presomitic mesoderm is inverted.

A

caudal end

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15
Q

It is biological process that regulates the development of an organism. It plays a crucial role in embryonic development.

A

Segmentation clock

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16
Q

It is a protein that plays a critical role in cell growth, differentiation, and migration. In the context of the segmentation clock, it’s thought to regulate a Wnt oscillating clock.

A

Fibroblast growth factor

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17
Q

It is a complex network of proteins best known for their roles in embryogenesis and cancer.

A

Wnt signalling

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18
Q

It is a highly conserved pathway that regulates cell-cell interactions crucial to multiple cell differentiation processes.

A

Notch signaling

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19
Q

_______, which can have hundreds of somites, have the same FgfB and Wnt waves and Notch clockwork as chicks and mice.

A

Snake embryos

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20
Q

Within this tissue, two critical players emerge: the Eph tyrosine kinases and their ligands, the ephrin proteins.

A

Unsegmented mesoderm

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21
Q

• In zebrafish, the boundary between the most recently separated somite and the presomitic mesoderm forms at the _____/_____ border.
• Chick embryos also exhibit restricted _____ expression in the boundary area.

A

ephrin B2/Eph A4
Eph A4

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22
Q

• After somitic fission, the cells of the newly formed somite are randomly organized as a _______.
• The receptor tyrosine kinase EphA4 and its ligand, ephrin B2, play a crucial role in ________

A

• mesenchymal mass
• somite development

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23
Q

It is stabilized by the synthesis of the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and the adhesion protein N-cadherin

A

Epithelialization

24
Q

Blocks of cells derived from the separation of the paraxial mesoderm that are highly important in the organization of segmental vertebrate embryos.

A

Somites

25
Q

Portion of the somites that gives rise to mesenchymal cells which become the cartilage cells (vertebrate and major parts of the ribs).

A

Sclerotome

26
Q

The remaining portion of the epithelial portion of somite

A

Dermomyotome

27
Q

The central portion of the dermomyotome.
• forms the back dermis and other derivatives
• gives rise to a third population of muscle

A

Dermatome

28
Q

The two lateral portions of the epithelium closest to and farthest from the neural tube.

A

Myotome

29
Q

• Closest to the neural tube forms the ________ MUSCLES
• Farthest from the neural tube form the _______ MUSCLES

A

PRIMAXIAL
ABAXIAL

30
Q

• Boundary between primaxial and abaxial muscles
• Boundary between somite-derived and lateral plate-derived dermis

A

Lateral somitic frontier

31
Q

______ - source of Sonic Hedgehog and Noggin

______&______ - source of Wnts and BMPs.

A

NOTOCHORD
NEURAL TUBE and SURFACE EPITHELIUM

32
Q

generates the meninges of the spinal cord, as well as, the blood vessels.

A

Medial mesenchymal cell

33
Q

central region of the somites composed of mesenchymal cells

A

Arthrotome

34
Q

a sharp decarmation between the somite- and lateral plate-derived dermis.

A

Lateral somitic frontier

35
Q

Generates the muscle precursor and the dermal cells constituting the connective tissue layer of the dorsal skin.

A

Central dermomyotome

36
Q

prevents the conversion of epithelial dermatome into loose dermal mesenchyme once activies are blocked by antibodies.

A

Neurotrophin-3

37
Q

promotes the differentiation of the dorsally migrating central dermomyatome cells into dermis.

A

Wnt1

38
Q

_________ - plays a key role in energy utilization by burning fats.

A

BROWN ADIPOSE CELLS (BROWN FATS)

39
Q

________ - vital for myoblast conversion into brown fat cells

A

Transcription factors PDRM16

40
Q

______ - from the medial portion of the somite induced by the factors from the neural tube.
______ - from the lateral edge of the somite specialized by the Wnt proteins and signals.

A

Primaxial myoblast
Abaxial myoblast

41
Q

influence the myoblast migration away from the dorsal region
delays the differentiation until cells are ventrally located.

A

Scatter factor

42
Q

2 cell lineages

A

Primaxial
Abaxial

43
Q

Respond to injury or exercise by proliferating into myogenic cells that fuse and may form new muscles fibers; these cells maybe stem cells with the capacity to generate daughter cells for renewal or differentiation

A

Satellite cell

44
Q

• ______involves the re-sealing (“healing”) of the opposed membranes. This is a accomplished by protein such as myoferlin and dysferlin, which appear to stabilize phospholipids.

• _______ appears to be mediated by a set of metalloproteinases called _______.

A

• cell fusion
• meltrins

45
Q

The development of bone

A

Osteogenesis

46
Q

________ - Generate the axiall ( Vertebral Skeleton)
________ - Generates the limb skeleton
________ - Gives rise to the pharyngeal arch and craniofacial bones and cartilages

A

SOMITES
LATERAL PLATE MESODERM
CRANIAL NEURAL CREST

47
Q

Direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue into bone. This process occurs primarily in the bones of the skull. In other cases, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into cartilage, and this cartilage is later replaced by bone.

A

Intramembranous ossification

48
Q

is the process by which the embryonic cartilaginous model of most bones contributes to longitudinal growth and is gradually replaced by bone.

A

Endochondral ossification

49
Q

It involves the formation of cartilage tissue from aggregated mesenchymalcells and the subsequent repplacement of cartilage tissue by bone.

A

Endochondral ossification

50
Q

The tendon forming cells of the syndetome can be visualized by their expression of the _______.

A

scleraxis genes

51
Q

Functional unit of kidney consisting more than 10,000 cells and at least 12 different cell types

A

Nephron

52
Q

_______ - can be functional or non- functional depending on the species

A

PRONEPHRIC TUBULES

53
Q

arise as the middle portion of nephric duct induces new set of kidney tubules.

A

Mesonephros

54
Q

A permanent kidney of amniotes which originates through complex set of interaction between epithelial and mesenchymal components of the intermediate mesoderm

A

Metanephros

55
Q

_______ elongates into a comma (C) shape and then forms a characteristic S-shaped tube.

A

renal vesicle

56
Q

_____ - made into a watertight connecting duct by the condensation of mesenchymal cells around it.

A

Ureter

57
Q

______ - portion where bladder develops

A

Cloaca

DevBio (M) (5 decks)

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