Chapter 9 Flashcards
anorexia nervosa
pursuit of thinness that is relentless and involves behaviors that result in significant low body weight, restriction of energy intake, and intense fear of fat.
binge
over-eating in one sitting, loss of control over eating.
binge-eating disorder
frequent episodes of binge eating but no compensatory weight loss behaviors like purging or excessive exercise, typically overweight or obese.
body mass index
measure of a persons weight relative to height.
Healthy is 18.5-24.9 BMI.
Overweight is 25-29.9 BMI.
Obese is 30-39.9 BMI.
Morbidly obese is 40 BMI.
bulimia nervosa
uncontrolled binge eating and efforts to prevent resulting weight gain by using inappropriate behaviors like self-induced vomiting, and excessive exercise. occurs once a week for 3 months. Loss of control over eating.
cognitive-behavioral therapy
dichotomous thinking is common.
ghrelin
the appetite stimulator
leptin
the appetite suppressor
negative affect
obesity
a state of excessive, chronic fat storage, linked with health and mental health problems.
perfectionism
risk factor for developing ED
purge
done after binging episode to combat weight gain.
serotonin
low serotonin levels relate to causing ED.
individual risk factors
gender, age, sexual orientation, perfectionism, negative body image, dieting, and negative emotionality.
treatment of anorexia and bulimia
Emergency procedures to restore weight (anorexia).
Family therapy (more effective for anorexia).
Antidepressants for both.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for both.
treatment of binge-eating disorder
medications - antidepressants, appetite suppressants, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
the problem of obesity
obesity is a state of excessive, chronic fat storage, linked with health and mental health problems. 1 of every 3 Americans is obese.
weight stigma
negative weight-based stereotypes exist.
Conditions rated low on personal responsibility elicit pity and intentions to help from others.
Conditions rated high on personal responsibility evoke little pity and high anger.
risk and causal factors in obesity
Hormones - low levels of leptin, high levels of ghrelin.
Sociocultural influences - advertising, food accessibility, time pressure, restaurant proportions.
Family behavior patterns - high-fat, high-calorie diet, eating to alleviate distress, overfeeding in childhood.
Comfort foods, stimuli or conditions and cues.
Treatment of obesity
lifestyle modifications - low-calorie diet, exercise, behavioral intervention. medications (xenical, belviq, and contrave), bariatric surgery.
xenical
reduces the amount of fat that can be absorbed
belviq
activates serotonin receptors in hypothalamus
contrave
targets 2 neurological areas, lowers hunger system and reward system
restrictive subtype of anorexia
weight loss is accomplished through caloric restriction or excessive exercise.
binge/purging subtype of anorexia
binged or purged in the last 3 months.
treatment outcomes of anorexia
10% die, 10% have persistent ED, 15% have crossover of AN and BN, 15% have atypical ED, and 50% recover.
athletes and ED
44.2% of college athletes have eating disorder habits, personality traits also considered like determination, perfectionism, condescension, obsession, and competitiveness.
prevalence of ED
BED is 3.5% for women and 2% for men, BED in obese people is 6.5-8%.
Bulimia is 1.5% in women and 0.5% in men.
Anorexia is 0.9% in women and 0.3% in men.
cause of ED
Biological - genetics and low serotonin
Cognitive - body-image distortions and cognitive disinhibition
Sociocultural - role of media and social norms in creating self-schemas, social learning theory.
prevalence of obesity
More than 1.9 billion American adults are overweight, and 600 million are obese. 1 of every 3 Americans is obese. More common in males and lower socioeconomic status (except for African American females). Lowest obesity rate in Asians. The more education you have, the less likely you are to become obese.