Chapter 11 Flashcards
addictive behavior
alcohol amnestic disorder
alcoholic dependence
the inability to control drinking due to both a physical and emotional dependence on alcohol.
alcoholic use disorder
A chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled drinking and preoccupation with alcohol.
alcoholic withdrawal delirium
used to be called delirium tremens, disorientation, hallucinations, altered state of consciousness, may last 3-6 days.
amphetamines
stimulant drug that speeds up messages between brain and body.
antabuse
medication for treatment of alcohol use disorder, produces unpleasant side effects
cocaine
plant product, blocks presynaptic dopamine transports and increases the availability of dopamine, and chronic abuse can lead to hallucinations. Treatment involves medications like Naltrexone or CBT/CM.
delirium tremens
Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms such as shaking, confusion, and hallucinations.
dopamine theory of addiction
addiction is dysfunction of dopamine reward pathway, the initial pleasurable effects of these drugs are detected in the nucleus accumbens, and that with repeated use of the drugs, the drug-taking behavior becomes encoded as habit in the caudate and putamen through progressive activation of the spiral of interacting stratal–cortical circuits.
ecstasy
MDMA, hallucinogen and stimulant, triggers release of serotonin and blocks reuptake.
endorphins
replaced by heroin when it binds to opiate receptors.
flashback
induces by ecstasy, spontaneous recurrences of the psychedelic drug effect appearing after a period of normalcy following an intoxication of psychedelics.
hallucinogens
drug inducing hallucinations
heroin
replaces endorphins
LSD
changes sensory perception, range of experiences, flashbacks at later points, not as popular, used in “rave culture”
Marijuana
comes from leaves, creates euphoria, increased feelings of well-being, heightened perceptual acuity, relaxation, hallucination.
mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway
comprised of two dopaminergic pathways: the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways. Dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway is known to play an important role in the rewarding effects of both drugs of abuse and foods. Addictive drugs and palatable foods activate DA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area, which project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc).
naltrexone
opioid antagonist, used to treat cocaine addiction.
negative reinforcement
alleviates uncomfortable states or sensations such as those associated with negative mood states, tension, craving, or withdrawal.
nicotene
addictive drug
opium
stimulant that alleviates physical pain, anxiety, and induces relaxation. Opiates occur naturally while opioids are made in a lab.
pathological gambling
problematic gambling behavior causing clinical distress, exhibits four or more symptoms over 12-month period.
positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement generally refers to the pleasant feelings and social enhancement effects that alcohol provides
psilocybin
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound that slows down time
psychoactive substances
substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. examples are alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain medicines.
reward deficiency syndrome
addiction results of genetic deviations in reward pathway.
substance abuse
excessive use of substances resulting in hazardous behavior, and continued use despite problems.
substance dependence
involves psychological need for increasing amount of substance to achieve desired affects.
synthetic cannabinoids
a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids (THC, CBD and many others) in cannabis plants attach
tolerance
need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve desired affects, biochemical changes in the body.
withdrawal
physical symptoms like sweating, tremors, and tension because of abstinence from substance.
prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence
More common in men.
30% of US meets DSM criteria for lifetime alcohol use disorder.
15% meet part year criteria.
Alcohol dependence = 12 year reduction in life span.
1 of 3 alcohol abusers have one coexisting mental disorder.
55% of fatal car crashes w an impaired driver are between 12-3am because people leave bars then.
Most violent incidents happen between 12-6am and 84% include alcohol.
alcohol and brain impacts
At low levels - alcohol stimulates pleasure areas (dopamine).
At high levels - alcohol depresses brain functioning and inhibits glutamate.
When intoxicated - high levels of GABA and low levels of glutamate.
BAC and hangovers
BAC peaks at 4 hours after drinking, hangover peaks from 12-14 hours after starting drinking.
Hangover starts 8 hours after drinking, lasts from 8-16 hours.
psychological effects of abuse/dependence
chronic fatigue, oversensitivity, depression, impaired reasoning, personality deterioration.
alcohol amnestic disorder
Memory loss, disorientation, if untreated can lead to irreversible brain damage, delirious, delusional, cognitive impairments.
causes of alcohol abuse/dependence
Genetic vulnerability - alcohol-risk personality, impulsive, prefer taking high risk, emotionally unstable.
Neurobiology of addiction - pleasure pathway that controls emotions, memory and gratification.
Psychosocial - low parental monitoring, expectations of social success, and psychological vulnerability, stress, tension reduction.
treatment of alcohol abuse/dependence
medications to block desire to drink, and medications to lower side effects of acute withdrawal.
sedatives (alcohol)
reduces tension, facilitates social interaction, “blots out” feelings or events.
stimulants (amphetamines)
increased feelings of alertness, confidence, decrease in fatigue, stay awake, increased endurance and sex drive. Speeds up action of CNS.
opiates (opium and derivatives)
alleviate physical pain, induce relaxation, alleviate anxiety
anti-anxiety meds
alleviate tension and anxiety, induce relaxation
hallucinogens (cannabis)
induce changes in mood, thought, and behavior, expand one’s mind.
biological affects of opiates
Immediate effects - alleviate physical pain, tension, and anxiety, and relax.
Long-term effects - physical craving of drug, withdrawal, deterioration of health. More opioids prescribed the more likely you are to become dependent.
causes of opiate abuse/dependence
pleasure is the primary reason for beginning use, curiosity, peer pressure, and stress relief.
treatment of opiate abuse
detox similar to alcohol addiction, methadone and buprenorphine program.
methamphetamines
highly addictive stimulant drug, increases levels of dopamine, known as “poor people’s cocaine”, metabolized slower so it produces a longer high.
