Chapter 11

Question 1

addictive behavior

Answer 1

alcohol amnestic disorder

Question 2

alcoholic dependence

Answer 2

the inability to control drinking due to both a physical and emotional dependence on alcohol.

Question 3

alcoholic use disorder

Answer 3

A chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled drinking and preoccupation with alcohol.

Question 4

alcoholic withdrawal delirium

Answer 4

used to be called delirium tremens, disorientation, hallucinations, altered state of consciousness, may last 3-6 days.

Question 5

amphetamines

Answer 5

stimulant drug that speeds up messages between brain and body.

Question 6

antabuse

Answer 6

medication for treatment of alcohol use disorder, produces unpleasant side effects

Question 7

cocaine

Answer 7

plant product, blocks presynaptic dopamine transports and increases the availability of dopamine, and chronic abuse can lead to hallucinations. Treatment involves medications like Naltrexone or CBT/CM.

Question 8

delirium tremens

Answer 8

Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms such as shaking, confusion, and hallucinations.

Question 9

dopamine theory of addiction

Answer 9

addiction is dysfunction of dopamine reward pathway, the initial pleasurable effects of these drugs are detected in the nucleus accumbens, and that with repeated use of the drugs, the drug-taking behavior becomes encoded as habit in the caudate and putamen through progressive activation of the spiral of interacting stratal–cortical circuits.

Question 10

ecstasy

Answer 10

MDMA, hallucinogen and stimulant, triggers release of serotonin and blocks reuptake.

Question 11

endorphins

Answer 11

replaced by heroin when it binds to opiate receptors.

Question 12

flashback

Answer 12

induces by ecstasy, spontaneous recurrences of the psychedelic drug effect appearing after a period of normalcy following an intoxication of psychedelics.

Question 13

hallucinogens

Answer 13

drug inducing hallucinations

Question 14

heroin

Answer 14

replaces endorphins

Question 15

LSD

Answer 15

changes sensory perception, range of experiences, flashbacks at later points, not as popular, used in “rave culture”

Question 16

Marijuana

Answer 16

comes from leaves, creates euphoria, increased feelings of well-being, heightened perceptual acuity, relaxation, hallucination.

Question 17

mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway

Answer 17

comprised of two dopaminergic pathways: the mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways. Dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway is known to play an important role in the rewarding effects of both drugs of abuse and foods. Addictive drugs and palatable foods activate DA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area, which project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc).

Question 18

naltrexone

Answer 18

opioid antagonist, used to treat cocaine addiction.

Question 19

negative reinforcement

Answer 19

alleviates uncomfortable states or sensations such as those associated with negative mood states, tension, craving, or withdrawal.

Question 20

nicotene

Answer 20

addictive drug

Question 21

opium

Answer 21

stimulant that alleviates physical pain, anxiety, and induces relaxation. Opiates occur naturally while opioids are made in a lab.

Question 22

pathological gambling

Answer 22

problematic gambling behavior causing clinical distress, exhibits four or more symptoms over 12-month period.

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

Positive reinforcement generally refers to the pleasant feelings and social enhancement effects that alcohol provides

Question 24

psilocybin

Answer 24

Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound that slows down time

Question 25

psychoactive substances

Answer 25

substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. examples are alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, marijuana, and certain pain medicines.

Question 26

reward deficiency syndrome

Answer 26

addiction results of genetic deviations in reward pathway.

Question 27

substance abuse

Answer 27

excessive use of substances resulting in hazardous behavior, and continued use despite problems.

Question 28

substance dependence

Answer 28

involves psychological need for increasing amount of substance to achieve desired affects.

Question 29

synthetic cannabinoids

Answer 29

a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids (THC, CBD and many others) in cannabis plants attach

Question 30

tolerance

Answer 30

need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve desired affects, biochemical changes in the body.

Question 31

withdrawal

Answer 31

physical symptoms like sweating, tremors, and tension because of abstinence from substance.

Question 32

prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence

Answer 32

More common in men.
30% of US meets DSM criteria for lifetime alcohol use disorder.
15% meet part year criteria.
Alcohol dependence = 12 year reduction in life span.
1 of 3 alcohol abusers have one coexisting mental disorder.
55% of fatal car crashes w an impaired driver are between 12-3am because people leave bars then.
Most violent incidents happen between 12-6am and 84% include alcohol.

Question 33

alcohol and brain impacts

Answer 33

At low levels - alcohol stimulates pleasure areas (dopamine).
At high levels - alcohol depresses brain functioning and inhibits glutamate.
When intoxicated - high levels of GABA and low levels of glutamate.

Question 34

BAC and hangovers

Answer 34

BAC peaks at 4 hours after drinking, hangover peaks from 12-14 hours after starting drinking.
Hangover starts 8 hours after drinking, lasts from 8-16 hours.

Question 35

psychological effects of abuse/dependence

Answer 35

chronic fatigue, oversensitivity, depression, impaired reasoning, personality deterioration.

Question 36

alcohol amnestic disorder

Answer 36

Memory loss, disorientation, if untreated can lead to irreversible brain damage, delirious, delusional, cognitive impairments.

Question 37

causes of alcohol abuse/dependence

Answer 37

Genetic vulnerability - alcohol-risk personality, impulsive, prefer taking high risk, emotionally unstable.
Neurobiology of addiction - pleasure pathway that controls emotions, memory and gratification.
Psychosocial - low parental monitoring, expectations of social success, and psychological vulnerability, stress, tension reduction.

Question 38

treatment of alcohol abuse/dependence

Answer 38

medications to block desire to drink, and medications to lower side effects of acute withdrawal.

Question 39

sedatives (alcohol)

Answer 39

reduces tension, facilitates social interaction, “blots out” feelings or events.

Question 40

stimulants (amphetamines)

Answer 40

increased feelings of alertness, confidence, decrease in fatigue, stay awake, increased endurance and sex drive. Speeds up action of CNS.

Question 41

opiates (opium and derivatives)

Answer 41

alleviate physical pain, induce relaxation, alleviate anxiety

Question 42

anti-anxiety meds

Answer 42

alleviate tension and anxiety, induce relaxation

Question 43

hallucinogens (cannabis)

Answer 43

induce changes in mood, thought, and behavior, expand one’s mind.

Question 44

biological affects of opiates

Answer 44

Immediate effects - alleviate physical pain, tension, and anxiety, and relax.
Long-term effects - physical craving of drug, withdrawal, deterioration of health. More opioids prescribed the more likely you are to become dependent.

Question 45

causes of opiate abuse/dependence

Answer 45

pleasure is the primary reason for beginning use, curiosity, peer pressure, and stress relief.

Question 46

treatment of opiate abuse

Answer 46

detox similar to alcohol addiction, methadone and buprenorphine program.

Question 47

methamphetamines

Answer 47

highly addictive stimulant drug, increases levels of dopamine, known as “poor people’s cocaine”, metabolized slower so it produces a longer high.