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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

circulatory system works with the

A

pulmonary system to bring O2 to the lungs and the lungs deliver O2 to the tissues

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2
Q

purposes of the cardiorespiratory system

A

transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
remove CO2 wastes from tissues
regulate body temp

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3
Q

two major adjustments of blood flow during exercise

A

increased cardiac output
redistribution of bloodflow from inactive organs to active muscle (thermoregulation)

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4
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

heart to lungs
on the right side of the heart
pumps DEoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
returns OXYgenated blood to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins

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5
Q

systemic circuit

A

heart to the rest of the body
left side of the heart
pumps OXYgenated blood to the whole body via the arteries
returns DEoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart via the veins

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6
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood
contains ions, proteins, and hormones

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7
Q

RBCs

A

has Hb to carry O2

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8
Q

white blood cells

A

important in preventing infection

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9
Q

platelets

A

important in blood clotting

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10
Q

how to calculate hematocrit

A

hematocrit= height of RBCs/total height

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11
Q

hematocrit

A

what percent of blood is made of packed RBCs

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12
Q

average hematocrit males and females

A

males = 42%
females = 38%

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13
Q

blood flow is directly proportional to

A

the pressure difference between two ends of a system (change in pressure)

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14
Q

blood flow is inversely proportional to

A

resistance (increase resistance, decrease bloodflow)

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15
Q

blood flow equation

A

blood flow= change in pressure/resistance

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16
Q

pressure is proportional to

A

the difference between MAP and right atrial pressure (change in pressure)

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17
Q

diastole

A

relaxation period
pressure in the ventricles is LOW
filling with blood from the atria
AV valves open when ventricular pressure is LESS THAN atrial pressure

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18
Q

systole

A

contraction phase
pressure in ventricles rises
blood is ejected to pulmonary and systemic circulation

aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves open when ventricular pressure is GREATER than aortic pressure

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19
Q

at rest what is longer: diastole or systole

A

diastole

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20
Q

what happens to both systole and diastole during exercise

A

get shorter

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21
Q

appropriate order of events in left ventricle

A

ventricular filling - atrial contraction forces small amount of blood into ventricles
isovolumetric contraction- ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change
ventricular ejection- as pressure increases, blood is ejected into aorta
isovolumetric relaxation- ventricles relax with no corresponding volume change

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22
Q

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
Q=HR x SV

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23
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected in each beat

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24
Q

cardiac output depends on

A

HR
SV
and training state and sex

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25
typical resting HR for untrained males and females
males- 72 females- 75
26
typical resting SV for untrained males and females
males- 70 females- 60
27
typical Q for untrained males and females
males- 5.00 females- 4.5
28
typical max HR for untrained males and females
200 for both
29
typical max SV for untrained males and females
males- 110 females- 90
30
typical Q at max for males and females
males- 22.0 females- 18.0
31
parasympathetic regulation of HR
via vagus nerve- slows HR by inhibiting SA and AV node preganglionic neuron releases ACh onto post-ganglionic neuron post-ganglionic neuron releases ACh onto mAChr G protein conformational change G protein inactivates Ca2+ channel, inhibiting it from entering the cell G protein also opens K+ channel, allowing it to exit the cell. This causes hyperpolarization as the cell becomes more negative making it harder to generate an action potential, slowing HR
32
sympathetic regulation of HR
via cardiac accelerator nerves- increases HR by stimulating SA, AV, and cardiac tissues preganglionic neuron releases ACh onto post ganglionic neuron post-ganglionic neuron releases NE onto B1-ADR This causes a G protein conformational change which signals a 2nd messenger to open Na+ and Ca2+ channels. Na+ and Ca2+ enter the cell, depolarizing the cell by making it more positive, making it easier to generate an action potential which increases HR
33
what is responsible for the increase in HR at onset of exercise
PNS withdrawl if the function of the vagus nerve is hyperpolarizing the cell making it harder to generate an action potential, withdrawl of this function would actually increase HR and allow sympathetic pathway to take over
34
an increase in temperature does what to HR
increases HR to maintain perfusion pressure if we are devoting blood to other areas of the body, the heart has to work harder to maintain perfusion pressure
35
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
variation time between HRs measured at R-R (peak to peak) interval using ECG tracing
36
wide range in resting HRV=
good index of a healthy balance between SNS and PNS
37
low variation in resting HRV =
bad imbalance in autonomic regulation excellent predictor of CV dysfunction if we have low variability (same HR at rest) we lost PNS input and only have SNS input which is a sign of too much stress, no longer have vagus nerve input to AV and SA nodes)
38
diseases that promote a decrease in HRV:
depression hypertension heart disease, including myocardial infarction physical inactivity
39
what activity results in increased HRV
regular bouta of aerobic exercise
40
EDV
end diastolic volume aka preload volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
41
increased EDV does what to SV
increases SV because volume is increasing
42
frank starling mechanism
EDV (preload) greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction - if you stretch the heart/ventricles more they get lined into a more optimal position to generate more forceful contraction dependent on venous return and filling time
43
venous return is increased by
venoconstriction via SNS skeletal muscle pump respiratory pump
44
skeletal muscle pump
rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions force blood in extremities towards the heart one way valves in veins prevent backflow of blood exercising= constantly constricting veins= constantly moving blood back to heart = increasing preload
45
respiratory pump
changes in thoracic pressure pull blood towards the heart, increasing venous return, increasing preload
46
filling time affected by
HR Body position
47
what body position increases preload
supine due to equal distribution of the blood in veins
48
average aortic pressure
pressure the ventricles must pump against to eject blood aka afterload dependent on MAP
49
stoke volumes relationship to afterload
stoke volume is INVERSELY proportional to afterload increase afterload = decreases SV
50
a decrease in afterload results in
an increase in SV, decrease in ESV, and decrease in LVP
51
strength of ventricular contractility (inotropy) enhanced by
circulating Epi/NE and direct SNS stimulation of heart via cardiac accelerator nerves
52
less inotropy results in
less NE/Epi binding onto target cells (ventricles/cardiac tissues) resulting in a not as forceful contraction
53
more inotropy results in
more Epi/NE binding onto B1ADR more G protein conformational change to 2nd messenger to open channels makes it easier to generate action potential which depolarizes the cell increasing HR
54
increase inotropy results in
decreased ESV and increased SV
55
what is an increase in SV during exercise due to
increase EDV (preload) increased inotropy
56
fick equation
VO2= Q x (a-v)O2difference
57
increased O2 delivery accomplished by what during exercise
increased Q redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to working skeletal muscle
58
up to 40-60% VO2 max due to
increased HR increased SV
59
greater than 40-60% VO2 max due to
increased HR only
60
unless an elite athlete, what happens to EDV and SV
decreases and plateaus because at high HR, filling time is decreased
61
what body position results in an increased SV
supine position due to increase in EDV due to less pooling of blood in the legs
62
what happens to blood flow during exercise
increased blood flow to working skeletal muscle
63
at rest, what % of Q goes to muscle
15-20%
64
at maximal exercise, what % of Q goes to muscle
80-85%
65
what happens to bloodflow to less active organs during exercise
decreased bloodflow to liver, kindeys, GI tracts
66
redistribution of blood flow during exercise depends on
metabolic rate
67
regulation of muscle blood flow during exercise is primarily mediated by
local factors (autoregulation) intrinsic control of bloodflow by increases in local metabolites (nitric oxide, prostaglandins, ATP, adenosine, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factors) all promote vasodilation to increase blood flow to working muscle tissues
68
does the a in (a-v)O2 difference ever change
no = it is the amount of O2 found in arteries
69
what is arteriovenous difference?
the amount of O2 that is taken up from 100mL blood
70
during exercise what happens to (a-v)O2difference
increases due to higher O2 uptake in tissues used for oxidative ATP production as you start exercising/muscles activated you are consuming more O2 which means that the partial pressure of O2 at the mitochondria/muscles decreases; this increases the gradient for O2 to move from arteries into the tissues which yields a lower value on venous or returning blood
71
as we consume more O2 in tissues, what happens to venous return
decreases more O2 being pulled into tissues, lower partial pressure of O2 at mitochondria
72
what causes an elevated HR and BP in emotionally charged environments?
increases in SNS activity
73
emotional influence on HR and BP
can increase HR and BP does not increase peak HR or BP during exercise
74
transition from rest to exercise: onset of exercise
rapid increase in HR, SV, Q plateau in submaximal (below lactate threshold) exercise
75
HR and Q during graded exercise
increases linearly with increasing work rate reaches plateau at 100% VO2 max
76
BP during graded exercise
MAP increases linearly systolic BP increases all the way to max Diastolic BP remains fairly constant
77
arm vs leg exercise: which yields a higher HR and BP
at the same absolute workload (1L/O2 in arms/legs) the arms will yield a higher BP and HR because vascular capacity is much smaller in upper body/arms (network/# of blood vessels much smaller, but if you send same amount of blood into a smaller network, you increase pressure) increased BP = vasoconstriction of large inactive muscle mass increased HR= higher sympathetic stimulation
78
recovery of HR and BP between bouts depends on
fitness level temp and humidity duration and intensity of exercise
79
HIIT
power output constant but HR is gradually increasing between intervals (don't have full recovery of HR before the start of the next interval= additive effect and HR slowly starts drifting to max and you potentially start to fatigue out) this relates to EPOC as it takes a long time for HR and other things to recover at higher intensity exercises
80
during prolonged exercise what happens to Q
cardiac output is maintained
81
what happens to SV during prolonged exercise
gradual decrease in SV at a constant work rate over time due to dehydration and reduced plasma volume as time increases, you sweat more and lose fluid, decreasing blood volume, decreasing SV and EDV
82
what happens to HR during prolonged exercise
gradual increase in HR (particularly in heat) aka cardiovascular drift
83
cardiovascular drift
not able to maintain steady state at high temps or power outputs can also happen if you start diverting bloodflow to periphery via vasodilation, meaning the heart has to work harder to maintain perfusion pressure
84
how to prevent cardiovascular drift
drink water lower intensity cooler environment or use cooling measures during exercise
85
transition from exercise to recovery: during recovery
decrease in HR, SV, and Q toward resting
86
recovery after exercise depends on
duration and intensity of exercise training state of subject

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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