Chapter 9

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

the study of the meaning of words phrases and sentences.

Question 2

Conceptual Meaning (Dennotative)

Answer 2

Component of meaning that are conveyed by the literal meaning of the word.
Dictionary meaning.

Question 3

Associative meaning (Connotative)

Answer 3

How we associate words.

Needle (thin sharp instrument) can be associated to knitting drugs etc

Question 4

(+) or (−).

Answer 4

used to denote whether word has that meaning or not

Question 5

Semantic roles

Answer 5

Agent- entity that performs action
Theme/patient- entity that is involved in or affected by action

Question 6

Instrument and Experienced

Answer 6

Instrument : The entity by which the action of the verb is carried out.

Experienced: The entity that undergoes an emotion, a state of being, or a perception expressed by the verb

Question 7

Location, Source, Goal

Answer 7

Location - Where an entity is
Source - Where the entity moves from
Goal - Where it moves to

Question 8

Lexical Relations

Answer 8

Synonym: similar meaning difference word
Antonym: opposite meaning different word
Hyponym: meaning of one for included in another ex dog/animal

Question 9

Superordinates

Answer 9

superior category within a system of classification

Question 10

Prototype

Answer 10

meaning of certain words in terms of resemblance

Question 11

Homonym and homophones

Answer 11

Homonym : different writing same pronunciation
Homophones: one form more than one meanings

Question 12

Polysemy

Answer 12

two or more words with same form and related meaning

Question 13

Metonymy

Answer 13

substitute word for another word that is similar in meaning

Question 14

Collocation

Answer 14

natural combination of words that are affiliated with each other.

Question 15

What semantic feature must a noun have in order to be used in this sentence? The _____________ were discussing what to do.

Answer 15

[+ human]

Question 16

Using semantic features, how would you explain the oddness of these sentences?
(a) The television drank my water.
(b) His dog writes poetry.

Answer 16

(a) The verb drink requires a subject with the feature [+ animate] and the noun
television has the feature [- animate]. (b) The verb write requires a subject with
the feature [+ human] and the noun dog has the feature [˗ human].

Question 17

Which of the following words would be analyzed in terms of the semantic features [+ male, − adult]: stallion, mare, colt, filly?

Answer 17

colt

Question 18

What phrase is used more often instead of “thematic roles” and what other term is used instead of “theme” in the semantic analysis of noun phrases?

Answer 18

semantic roles and patients

Question 19

What kind of opposites can be identified via the “negative test”?

Answer 19

Non-degradable antonyms

Question 20

How is the term “prototype” used in semantics?

Answer 20

characteristic example of a category
ressemblance

Question 21

Identify the roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence:
With her new golf club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole and she suddenly felt invincible.

Answer 21

Instrument (her new golf club), Agent (Anne Marshall), Theme (the ball), Source (the woods), Goal (the grassy area), Location (the hole), Experiencer (she).

Question 22

What is the most common collocate of the English word sarcastic?

Answer 22

rude

Question 23

Which of the following words are co-hyponyms?
ant, cabbage, insect, plant, turnip, vegetable.

Answer 23

cabbage and turnip

Question 24

Gradable, nongradable, reversive

Answer 24

Gradable: Warm/ cold , small/big
NG: complementary boy/girl, dead/alive
Reversive: shrink/grow