Chapter 9

Question 1

Steam Engine

Answer 1

A machine using steam power to perform mechanical tasks. It enabled manufacturing in the nineteenth century to become significantly more efficient than previously.

Question 2

Second Great Awakening

Answer 2

A religious revival movement that arose in the late eighteenth century in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; it spurred the growth of the Baptist and Methodist churches.

Question 3

division of labor

Answer 3

The process of breaking down manufacturing work into individual steps, each to be completed by a different person or machine.

Question 4

“putting out” system

Answer 4

The early practice of exporting certain manufacturing tasks, like stitching to laborers, often women and children outside the shop.

Question 5

Lowell mills

Answer 5

Model, New England textile factory communities that during the first half of the 19th century provided employees, mostly young woman with meals, a boarding house and moral discipline, as well as educational and cultural opportunities.

Question 6

labor movement

Answer 6

A movement that emerged in the 19th century as a growing class of factory workers began to organized against harsh working conditions, low wages, and exploitative bosses.

Question 7

American System

Answer 7

An early nineteenth-century economic plan championed by Henry Clay of Kentucky that called for federal tariffs on imports, a strong national bank, and federally financed internal improvements—roads, bridges, canals—all intended to strengthen the national economy and end American dependence on Great Britain.

Question 8

Panic of 1819

Answer 8

A severe collapse triggered by President Grant’s efforts to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and transition on the economy back to hard currency based on the gold standard. This caused a major New York brokerage house to collapse, causing other brokerages and banks to fail, followed by many railroad companies declaring bankruptcy.

Question 9

monopolies

Answer 9

Large corporations that effectively control an entire market through their products or services.

Question 10

Working Men’s Party

Answer 10

Formed by laborers in Philadelphia in 1828, a political party intended to advocate for the needs of the common man.