chapter 9

Question 1

All prefixes for muscle

Answer 1

Myo, mys,sacro

Question 2

skeletal

Answer 2

attached to bones ( or some facial muscles) to skin

Question 3

Cardiac

Answer 3

Walls of the heart

Question 4

Smooth

Answer 4

Unitary muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs ( other then the heart ) multi unit muscle in intrinsic eye, muscles, airways ,large arteries

Question 5

innervation

Answer 5

It has neural input, atleast one neuron is intact with that muscle

Question 6

vascularity

Answer 6

A typical characteristic of connective tissues, denoting that they have a rich blood supply

Question 7

epimysium

Answer 7

a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle.

Question 8

Perimysium

Answer 8

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

Question 9

Endomysium

Answer 9

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

Question 10

Connective tissue sheaths

Answer 10

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

Question 11

origin and insertion

Answer 11

-Origin: immovable end of muscle

-Insertion: movable end of muscle

Question 12

direct vs indirect

Answer 12

Taking action oneself versus enlisting the help of an intermediary who takes the direct action

Question 13

Sarcolemma

Answer 13

muscle cell membrane

Question 14

Sarcoplasm

Answer 14

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

Question 15

glycosomes

Answer 15

glycogen storage

Question 16

modified organelles

Answer 16

myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubules

Question 17

myofibrils

Answer 17

protein structures that make up muscle fibers

Question 18

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium.

Question 19

t-tubules

Answer 19

Also called transverse tubules, these are deep invaginations of the plasma membrane found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell.

Question 20

myofilaments

Answer 20

actin, myosin, titin

Question 21

clinical consideration

Answer 21

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, almost exclusively male, defective dystrophin gene

Question 22

sarcoplasm reticulum

Answer 22

stores ca2+ , releases and reuptakes ca2+, terminal cisternae, t-tubules, triad

Question 23

relaxed muscle fiber

Answer 23

area that overlaps myosin and actin

Question 24

Four steps for skeletal muscle to contract

Answer 24

1. events at neuromuscular junction
   2.muscle fiber excitation
   3.Excitation-contraction coupling
   4.Cross bridge cycling

Question 25

NMJ Events

Answer 25

-axon
-axon terminal
-action potential
-VGCS open
-Vesicular exocytosis
-acetocholine diffusion
-ACh binds, open Na+ channels

Question 26

Events at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 26

1. Action potential at axon terminal
   2.Ca VGC opens, Ca enters
2. ACh exocytosis
   4.ACh diffuses to NA chemical gates
3. ACh binds to receptors opens gates, Na enters = end plate potential
   6.Achase degrades ACh

Question 27

Generation of End Plate Potential

Answer 27

1. End plate potential is generated
2. Depolarization
3. Repolarization

Question 28

Excitation contraction coupling

Answer 28

events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract

Question 29

cross bridge cycle

Answer 29

1. cross bridge formation
   2.power stroke
2. cross bridge detachment
3. Cocking of myosin head

Question 30

Calcium (Ca2+) and ATP concentration

Answer 30

• low intracellular ca2+
• high intracellular ca2+
  -insufficient ATP concentration
• sufficient concentrations

Question 31

Whole muscle contraction

Answer 31

• contraction produces muscle tension
• contraction =/= shortened muscle

Question 32

motor unit

Answer 32

one neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers intermix

Question 33

muscle twitch phases

Answer 33

1. latent period
   2.period of contraction
   2.period of relaxation

Question 34

graded muscle Reponses

Answer 34

Changing frequency of stimulation
- temporal summation

Question 35

Graded muscle responses

Answer 35

changing strength of stimulation

Question 36

type of contractions

Answer 36

isometric contractions, isotonic contractions

Question 37

muscle tone

Answer 37

Constant slightly contracted state of all muscles

Question 38

direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatin phosphate

Answer 38

creatine phosphate, creatine kinase

Question 39

Anaerobic pathway glycoses and lactic acid formation

Answer 39

glucose to glycoses to pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Question 40

aerobic pathway

Answer 40

glucose broken into CO2, H2O and 32 ATP