Chapter 9 Flashcards
Define “sexual reproduction”
the fusion of male and female haploid gametes
What is “oviparity”?
where animals lay eggs that develop and hatch outside of the mother’s body.
What is “viviparity”?
animals give birth to live offspring that have developed inside the mother’s body, as opposed to laying eggs.
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
Genetic Diversity
DNA Repair
Resistance to Diseases
Evolutionary Innovation
What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Energy Costs
Slower Reproduction
Reduced Reproductive Rate
Risk of STIs
Competition for Mates
Define “asexual” reproduction.
does not require the fusion of gametes
What is the most common form of asexual reproduction?
Binary fission
What are the 6 types of asexual reproduction?
- Binary fission
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Sporogenesis
- Parthenogenesis
- Vegetative propagation
What is budding?
Development of a bud that breaks away from the main organism and forms the basis of a new organism
What is fragmentation?
Parent organism breaks into fragments which then develop a new organism
What are the two types of vegetative propagation?
- Stem cuttings
- Root cuttings
What is sporogenesis?
Formation of spores that are dispersed into the surroundings
What is parthenogenesis?
Embryo develops in a female gamete, without a male
What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?
Efficient
Rapid Reproduction
Consistent Traits
No Need for Mates
What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Lack of Genetic Diversity
Vulnerability to Environmental Changes
Accumulation of Mutations
Limited Adaptability
What are the two types of reproductive cloning technologies?
- Somatic cell nuclear transfer
- Embryo splitting
List the four steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer.
- Enucleation
- Extraction
- Insertion
- Development
What happens in the enucleation phase of SCNT
Destruction of the nucleus of the donated egg cell to produce an enucleated egg cell.
What happens in the extraction phase of SCNT
the donated somatic cell’s nucleus is extracted.
What happens during the insertion phase of SCNT?
the somatic cell’s nucleus is inserted into the enucleated egg cell.
What happens during the development phase of SCNT?
Cells divide, embryo develops, inserted into mother
What are some complications/ethical concerns surrounding SCNT?
- Animal suffering
- Human cloning
- Premature ageing
What are some complications/ethical concerns surrounding the use of Embryo Splitting?
- Genetic diversity
- Altercation of embryos
- Research animals
What are some reproductive cloning techniques in plants?
- Plant tissue culturing
- Plant cuttings
- Plant grafting
Explain plant grafting.
Plant grafting involves attaching the stem of one plant (the scion) to the stem of another
plant with an already developed root system (the rootstock)
Define “reproductive cloning techniques”
Reproductive cloning technologies are human interventions that artificially produce
genetically identical clones of an organism.
Why is genetic diversity important?
important in protecting
the longevity of a species by reducing their susceptibility to sudden
environmental changes.
