Chapter 9

Question 1

Define “sexual reproduction”

Answer 1

the fusion of male and female haploid gametes

Question 2

What is “oviparity”?

Answer 2

where animals lay eggs that develop and hatch outside of the mother’s body.

Question 3

What is “viviparity”?

Answer 3

animals give birth to live offspring that have developed inside the mother’s body, as opposed to laying eggs.

Question 4

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 4

Genetic Diversity
DNA Repair
Resistance to Diseases
Evolutionary Innovation

Question 5

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 5

Energy Costs
Slower Reproduction
Reduced Reproductive Rate
Risk of STIs
Competition for Mates

Question 6

Define “asexual” reproduction.

Answer 6

does not require the fusion of gametes

Question 7

What is the most common form of asexual reproduction?

Answer 7

Binary fission

Question 8

What are the 6 types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 8

• Binary fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation
• Sporogenesis
• Parthenogenesis
• Vegetative propagation

Question 9

What is budding?

Answer 9

Development of a bud that breaks away from the main organism and forms the basis of a new organism

Question 10

What is fragmentation?

Answer 10

Parent organism breaks into fragments which then develop a new organism

Question 11

What are the two types of vegetative propagation?

Answer 11

• Stem cuttings
• Root cuttings

Question 12

What is sporogenesis?

Answer 12

Formation of spores that are dispersed into the surroundings

Question 13

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 13

Embryo develops in a female gamete, without a male

Question 14

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 14

Efficient
Rapid Reproduction
Consistent Traits
No Need for Mates

Question 15

What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 15

Lack of Genetic Diversity
Vulnerability to Environmental Changes
Accumulation of Mutations
Limited Adaptability

Question 16

What are the two types of reproductive cloning technologies?

Answer 16

• Somatic cell nuclear transfer
• Embryo splitting

Question 17

List the four steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Answer 17

1. Enucleation
2. Extraction
3. Insertion
4. Development

Question 18

What happens in the enucleation phase of SCNT

Answer 18

Destruction of the nucleus of the donated egg cell to produce an enucleated egg cell.

Question 19

What happens in the extraction phase of SCNT

Answer 19

the donated somatic cell’s nucleus is extracted.

Question 20

What happens during the insertion phase of SCNT?

Answer 20

the somatic cell’s nucleus is inserted into the enucleated egg cell.

Question 21

What happens during the development phase of SCNT?

Answer 21

Cells divide, embryo develops, inserted into mother

Question 22

What are some complications/ethical concerns surrounding SCNT?

Answer 22

• Animal suffering
• Human cloning
• Premature ageing

Question 23

What are some complications/ethical concerns surrounding the use of Embryo Splitting?

Answer 23

• Genetic diversity
• Altercation of embryos
• Research animals

Question 24

What are some reproductive cloning techniques in plants?

Answer 24

• Plant tissue culturing
• Plant cuttings
• Plant grafting

Question 25

Explain plant grafting.

Answer 25

Plant grafting involves attaching the stem of one plant (the scion) to the stem of another
plant with an already developed root system (the rootstock)

Question 26

Define “reproductive cloning techniques”

Answer 26

Reproductive cloning technologies are human interventions that artificially produce
genetically identical clones of an organism.

Question 27

Why is genetic diversity important?

Answer 27

important in protecting
the longevity of a species by reducing their susceptibility to sudden
environmental changes.