Chapter 10 Flashcards
What are the three types of adaptations?
- Structural
- Physiological
- Behavioural
What is a structural adaptation?
Changes to the structure of an organism
What is a physiological adaptation?
Changes to the bodily processes of the organism
What are behavioural adaptations?
Changes in the behaviours that the organism engages in.
What are some animal structural adaptations in HOT environments?
Temp Management
- Insulation
- High SA:V ratio
Water Management
- Increase water storage capacity
What are some animal physiological adaptations in HOT environments?
Temp Management
- Metabolic Heat management
- Increased surface area blood flow
- Evaporative cooling
Water Management
- Increased water input
- Decreased water output
An animal physiological adaptation to hot environments includes temperature management. Increased surface area blood flow is a significant part of this. Explain the process.
Internal temp rises —-> blood vessels dilate —-> total surface blood flow increased —>Increases heat loss
An animal physiological adaptation to hot environments include metabolic heat management. How might Endotherms and Ectotherms have separate approaches?
Endotherms - Spend energy producing heat, but develops processes to release excess heat
Ectotherms - Obtain heat from environment.
What are some animal behavioural adaptations in HOT environments?
- Evading extreme conditions
- Enduring extreme conditions
What are some adaptations of PLANTS in HOT environments?
- Decreased heat intake
- Maximised water intake
What are three common strategies to limit heat absorption in plants?
- Lightly coloured or reflective leaves
- Leaves with smaller SA:V
- Orientating their leaves vertically
What strategies do plants use to maximise water intake?
- Deep roots
- Horizontal roots
What strategies do plants use to minimise their water loss?
- Protected stomata (guard cells)
- Closing of stomata during the day
What benefit do plants receive when they orientate their leaves vertically?
Minimised surface area and exposure to the sun, thus limits heat absorption.
Useful in hot environments.
What benefit do plants receive when they have deep roots?
Capable of reaching groundwater reserves. Maximises water in take. Useful in hot environments.
What benefit do plants receive when they spread their roots horizontally?
Absorb maximum surface water. Useful in hot environments.
What are some structural adaptations of animals in cold environments?
- High insulation
- Low SA:V ratio
Why do animals in cold environments structurally adapt to have a low SA:V ratio?
Releases heat more slowly, and retains a constant body temperature.
What physiological adaptations do animals commence in cold environments?
- Vasoconstriction
- Counter current circulation
What does vasoconstriction do?
Reduces overall blood flow
What is counter current circulation?
EFFICIENT HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS
warm blood heats cold blood
What are some behavioural adaptations of animals in cold environments?
- Torpor
-Reduced exposure area - Seek shelter
- Migration
What is the difference in Torpor in ectoderms vs endotherms
Endotherms - Hibernation
Ectotherms - Brumation
What is one way “reduced exposed surface area” is achieved through behavioural adaptations?
Huddling
What are some adaptations of plants to cold environments?
- Antifreeze proteins
- Deciduous trees (dropping leaves - autumn)
What is the purpose of antifreeze proteins?
Allows water to stay liquid
Disrupts formation of ice crystal
Why do deciduous trees drop their leaves in autumn?
- Require less water and energy to survive
Mutualism - symbol
+/+
What is mutualism?
A symbiotic relationship with both parties benefiting
What is an example of mutualism?
Bacteria living in the digestive system of cows
Commensalism symbol
+/0
What is commensalism?
A symbiotic relationship with one party benefits, and the other is unaffected.
What is an example of commensalism?
Birds following herds of buffalo
What is the symbol of predation?
+/-
What is predation?
Where one organism (the predator) kills and hunts the other organism (the prey).
What is an example of predation?
Birds of prey - Wedge Tail Eagle, Owls, Ospreys
What is the symbol of parasitism?
+/-
What is parasitism?
A symbiotic relationship where one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients and benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host).
What is an example of parasitism?
Parasitic worms
What is the symbol of amensalism?
0/-
What is amensalism?
A symbiotic relationship where one organism is negatively affected, and the other is unaffected.
What is an example of amensalism?
For example, ungulates, which are animals with
hooves, often walk on grasses and small shrubs which kills or damages them, but the
animals themselves receive neither benefit nor harm.
Symbol for competition
-/-
What is competition? (interaction)
Organisms rivalling for the same limited resource.
What is an example of competition?
Weeds and vegetables competing for water.
Define population density.
The number of animals living in a given area.
Define population distribution.
The geographical spread of animals across the world (can be uniform, random, or clumped).
Define immigration.
The movement of animals into a new area to live there permanently.
Define emigration.
The movement of animals out of an area to live elsewhere permanently.
Define carrying capacity.
The maximum number of animals that a particular environment can support.
Define apex predator.
A predator that is at the top of the food chain and has no natural predators of its own.
Define ecosystem engineer.
A species that has a significant impact on its environment by modifying the physical structure of the habitat or by altering the flow of energy and nutrients.
Define keystone species.
A species that has a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem. The removal of a keystone species can have a cascading effect on the entire ecosystem.
