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Biology - Unit 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of adaptations?

A
  • Structural
  • Physiological
  • Behavioural
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2
Q

What is a structural adaptation?

A

Changes to the structure of an organism

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3
Q

What is a physiological adaptation?

A

Changes to the bodily processes of the organism

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4
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Changes in the behaviours that the organism engages in.

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5
Q

What are some animal structural adaptations in HOT environments?

A

Temp Management
- Insulation
- High SA:V ratio
Water Management
- Increase water storage capacity

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6
Q

What are some animal physiological adaptations in HOT environments?

A

Temp Management
- Metabolic Heat management
- Increased surface area blood flow
- Evaporative cooling
Water Management
- Increased water input
- Decreased water output

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7
Q

An animal physiological adaptation to hot environments includes temperature management. Increased surface area blood flow is a significant part of this. Explain the process.

A

Internal temp rises —-> blood vessels dilate —-> total surface blood flow increased —>Increases heat loss

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8
Q

An animal physiological adaptation to hot environments include metabolic heat management. How might Endotherms and Ectotherms have separate approaches?

A

Endotherms - Spend energy producing heat, but develops processes to release excess heat

Ectotherms - Obtain heat from environment.

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9
Q

What are some animal behavioural adaptations in HOT environments?

A
  • Evading extreme conditions
  • Enduring extreme conditions
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10
Q

What are some adaptations of PLANTS in HOT environments?

A
  • Decreased heat intake
  • Maximised water intake
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11
Q

What are three common strategies to limit heat absorption in plants?

A
  • Lightly coloured or reflective leaves
  • Leaves with smaller SA:V
  • Orientating their leaves vertically
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12
Q

What strategies do plants use to maximise water intake?

A
  • Deep roots
  • Horizontal roots
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13
Q

What strategies do plants use to minimise their water loss?

A
  • Protected stomata (guard cells)
  • Closing of stomata during the day
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14
Q

What benefit do plants receive when they orientate their leaves vertically?

A

Minimised surface area and exposure to the sun, thus limits heat absorption.

Useful in hot environments.

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15
Q

What benefit do plants receive when they have deep roots?

A

Capable of reaching groundwater reserves. Maximises water in take. Useful in hot environments.

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16
Q

What benefit do plants receive when they spread their roots horizontally?

A

Absorb maximum surface water. Useful in hot environments.

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17
Q

What are some structural adaptations of animals in cold environments?

A
  • High insulation
  • Low SA:V ratio
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18
Q

Why do animals in cold environments structurally adapt to have a low SA:V ratio?

A

Releases heat more slowly, and retains a constant body temperature.

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19
Q

What physiological adaptations do animals commence in cold environments?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Counter current circulation
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20
Q

What does vasoconstriction do?

A

Reduces overall blood flow

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21
Q

What is counter current circulation?

A

EFFICIENT HEAT TRANSFER PROCESS

warm blood heats cold blood

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22
Q

What are some behavioural adaptations of animals in cold environments?

A
  • Torpor
    -Reduced exposure area
  • Seek shelter
  • Migration
23
Q

What is the difference in Torpor in ectoderms vs endotherms

A

Endotherms - Hibernation
Ectotherms - Brumation

24
Q

What is one way “reduced exposed surface area” is achieved through behavioural adaptations?

A

Huddling

25
Q

What are some adaptations of plants to cold environments?

A
  • Antifreeze proteins
  • Deciduous trees (dropping leaves - autumn)
26
Q

What is the purpose of antifreeze proteins?

A

Allows water to stay liquid

Disrupts formation of ice crystal

27
Q

Why do deciduous trees drop their leaves in autumn?

A
  • Require less water and energy to survive
28
Q

Mutualism - symbol

A

+/+

29
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A symbiotic relationship with both parties benefiting

30
Q

What is an example of mutualism?

A

Bacteria living in the digestive system of cows

31
Q

Commensalism symbol

A

+/0

32
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A symbiotic relationship with one party benefits, and the other is unaffected.

33
Q

What is an example of commensalism?

A

Birds following herds of buffalo

34
Q

What is the symbol of predation?

A

+/-

35
Q

What is predation?

A

Where one organism (the predator) kills and hunts the other organism (the prey).

36
Q

What is an example of predation?

A

Birds of prey - Wedge Tail Eagle, Owls, Ospreys

37
Q

What is the symbol of parasitism?

A

+/-

38
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients and benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host).

39
Q

What is an example of parasitism?

A

Parasitic worms

40
Q

What is the symbol of amensalism?

A

0/-

41
Q

What is amensalism?

A

A symbiotic relationship where one organism is negatively affected, and the other is unaffected.

42
Q

What is an example of amensalism?

A

For example, ungulates, which are animals with
hooves, often walk on grasses and small shrubs which kills or damages them, but the
animals themselves receive neither benefit nor harm.

43
Q

Symbol for competition

A

-/-

44
Q

What is competition? (interaction)

A

Organisms rivalling for the same limited resource.

45
Q

What is an example of competition?

A

Weeds and vegetables competing for water.

46
Q

Define population density.

A

The number of animals living in a given area.

47
Q

Define population distribution.

A

The geographical spread of animals across the world (can be uniform, random, or clumped).

48
Q

Define immigration.

A

The movement of animals into a new area to live there permanently.

49
Q

Define emigration.

A

The movement of animals out of an area to live elsewhere permanently.

50
Q

Define carrying capacity.

A

The maximum number of animals that a particular environment can support.

51
Q

Define apex predator.

A

A predator that is at the top of the food chain and has no natural predators of its own.

52
Q

Define ecosystem engineer.

A

A species that has a significant impact on its environment by modifying the physical structure of the habitat or by altering the flow of energy and nutrients.

53
Q

Define keystone species.

A

A species that has a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem. The removal of a keystone species can have a cascading effect on the entire ecosystem.

54
Q
A

Biology - Unit 2 (10 decks)

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