Chapter 9 Flashcards
Pervasive drive to maintain lasting, positive, & interpersonal relationships with others
Need to belong
desire to establish & maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships
Need for Affiliation
How does stress or stressors influence need for affiliation?
Stress can arouse the need for affiliation
- May want company
- May want to be alone
What does the study Rofé (1984) demonstrate?
What are the findings of this study?
demonstrates effects of stress on need for affiliation
Study found that we will seek others when we perceive their company as being useful in addressing the stressors
Feeling of deprivation about existing social relations
Loneliness
What are the three types of loneliness?
- Intimate loneliness
- Relational loneliness
- Collective loneliness
Forces or aspect that motivate us to approach and engage (interact) with others
Attraction
Finkel et al., 2012: Why online is popular?
- Exposure to large number of potential partners
- Directs means of communication
- “Algorithms” bring users together with similar interests
What are the two different perspectives about attraction?
- People are attracted to those with whom they can have a rewarding relationship
- Evolutionary driven to attract and select mates based on factors like viability of offspring
How does rewarding relationship perspective influence attraction between people?
- Direct Rewards (attention, support, money)
- Indirect Rewards (Boost self-esteem, status, desirability)
How does evolutionary perspective influence attraction between people?
Based on conception & viability of offspring
Research suggesting gender differences in what “ideal” mate is
For women an hourglass shape is desirable
For men a V shape is desirable
The single best predictor of whether two people will get together is based on nearness
Proximity Effect
The more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus
Mere Exposure Effect
What study demonstrates the proximity effect and how?
Back et al. (2008)
What study demonstrates mere exposure effect?
- Moreland & Scott (1992)
- Reis & Colleagues (2011)
Proximity Effect Study Method & Findings
Back et al. (2008)
Found that friendships can form just based off of mere coincidences like randomly assigning seats in a classroom
Mere Exposure Effect Study Method & Findings
Moreland & Scott (1992)
Method:
1. Selected four women who liked typical students (confederates)
2. One had picture taken; others attended class either 5, 10, 15x during semester
3. Questionnaires administered to students who rated various traits regarding these women (popularity, intelligence, honesty, & physical attractiveness)
Results:
More times a woman was in class, the higher the ratings obtained
Reis & Colleagues (2011)
Method:
1. 110 same-sex pairs of college students communicated via anonymous screen names
2. Ratings on how much the like their partner & would like to remain in contact
Results:
More interactions between them (chats), the higher the ratings and more willingness to stay in contact and even learn each other’s identities
this influences various types of decisions including willingness to sign petitions, ratings of intelligence, criminal sentencing, & salaries
Physical Attraction
Perceived physical attractiveness of group > average attractiveness of it’s individual members
Group attractiveness effect
attraction based on commonality among different groups of people, certain faces are inherently more attractive, and is easier to predict
Examples include?
Objective bias
- Face symmetry
- Babies preferring faces considered attractive by adults
- Smooth skin, pleasant expression, youthfulness
Evidence in support of objective bias
- Children, adults, men, women, people from similar or different cultures asked to rate unfamiliar faces have high level of agreement
- Certain physical characteristics are reliable associated with attractiveness
- Babies prefer faces considered attractive by adults
attraction based on the eye of the beholder, driven by cultural norms, and more difficult to predict
examples include?
subjective bias
- Beauty varies across different cultures
- Beauty standards change over time
- Men conditioned to be more attracted to red
Evidence in support of subjective bias
- Enhancements of beauty vary in different ways across different cultures
- Ideal body composition for females varies across different locations
- Standard in beauty change over time
- Situation factors can influence our judgments of beauty
Belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics
What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype
Synder & colleague (1977) demonstrates what?
Self-fulling prophecy and attractiveness
One’s initial perception of another person, typically involving a positive or negative evaluation as well as a sense of physical and psychological characteristics
First Impressions
attraction to people based on commonalities between two parties
Similarity effect
Attraction to people based on mutual exchange between two parties
Reciprocity Effect
attraction to people who are highly selective relative to those who are more readily available
Hard to Get Effect
What are the key similarities between similarity, reciprocity, and hard to get effects that could influence impressions?
They all influence attraction
What are the tendencies associated with similarity, reciprocity, and hard to get effects that influence impressions
- We tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to us rather than those who are not
- We tend to like people who like us back
- We tend to be attracted to those who are not too picky, but not choosey at all.
What is the two stage model of attraction
Model is less about importance of similarity and more about repulsion to dissimilarity
- The negative screen of dissimilarity
- The positive screen of similarity
Spielmann & Colleagues (2013) Method & Findings
Method:
1. Participants of 214 straight men and women were given a fear of being single questionnaire (FBSS)
2. Rated their interest in online dating profiles
3. Profiles had either attractive or unattractive photo (face)
4. Profiles had attitude statement indicating high responsiveness or low responsiveness (relationship engagement)
Findings:
Everyone expressed interest in attractive targets, but people with high FBSS scores also were less selective (expressed more interest in less attractive profiles)
Spielmann & Colleagues (2013) Implications
This means people who have a higher fear of being alone are more willing to overlook significant flaws or red flags
Examples:
1. Abusive relationships
Perspective that people are motivated to maximize benefits & minimize cost in their relationships
Social Exchange Theory
Thibault & Kelly (1959) - perspectives about exchange including comparison level (CL) & comparison levels for alternatives (CLalt) & Investment
- High CL = Rewards > Cost; more likely to maintain relationships
- Low CL = Cost > Rewards; less likely to maintain relationships
- CLalt = expectation about what they would receive in alternative situation
- Investment = what a person puts into relationship that is low if relationship ends
People are most satisfied when ratio between benefits & contributions is similar for both partners
Equity Theory
What are the implications of the equity theory
Over or under benefited are less stable & less happy
- Over benefited = received more than provides
- Under benefited = gives more than receives
A type of relationship that expects strict reciprocity in their interactions
Exchange relationshps
A type of relationship that expects and desires mutual responsiveness to each other’s needs
Communal Relationships
The type of attachment style for those who have a secure base to explore, cries in distress when the mother leaves and then beam with sheer delight when she returns.
Secure attachment style (Type B)
The type of attachment style for those who pay little attention to parents and separates easily
avoidant attachment style (Type A)
The type of attachment style for those who cling to parent, have high levels of distress, and slower to be comforted
anxious attachment style (Type C)
What is the impact of secure attachment style on relationships
They have happier, longer-lasting, mutual trust
What is the impact of avoidant attachment style on relationships
They fear intimacy & expect relationships to be doomed
What is the impact of anxious attachment style on relationships
Rollercoaster romances including jealousy and attraction
A theory proposing that love has three basic components - intimacy, passion, and commitment- that can be combined to produce eight subtypes
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
What are the three components of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
- Intimacy
- Passion
- Commitment
Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, & fear of rejection
Passionate love
The type of love that is secure & trusting, stable partnership
Companionate Love
“Just seeing ___ is exciting for me”
Examples of Passionate Love
“I will always feel a strong responsibility for ___.”
Examples of Companionate Love
the type of loneliness is felt when someone wants but does not have a spouse, significant other, or best friends to rely on for emotional support
Intimate loneliness
this type of loneliness is felt when someone wants but lacks friendships from school and work and family connections, the 15-50 people whom we see regularly and rely on for occasional help, child care, resources, contacts, and advice.
Relational loneliness
this type of loneliness comes from remote relationships and the social identities we derive from, say, from alumni of the schools we have attended and clubs we joint on the basis of common needs or interests.
Collective loneliness
The way people typically interact with significant others
attachment style
