Chapter 5

Question 1

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.

Answer 1

Racism

Question 2

What is an example of how an institution can perpetuate racism?

Answer 2

By tending to accept or hire individuals similar or connected to the people who already are in the institution, and popular culture may signal what kinds of people are most and least valued.

Question 3

What are the different types of racism?

Answer 3

1. Systemic Racism
2. Modern Racism
3. Aversive Racism
4. Implicit Racism

Question 4

Policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organization, and that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on race

Answer 4

Systemic Racism

Question 5

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

Answer 5

Modern Racism

Question 6

What is an example of modern racism as discussed in lecture?

Answer 6

Eberhardt, Parrott, & Sprunger (2015) demonstrates modern racism

Question 7

What are the methods of the Eberhardt, Parrott, & Sprunger (2015) study?

Answer 7

a. Presented teachers with information about a child misbehaving
b. Teachers rated how troubled they would be by the behavior & severity of punishment (how troubling is the situation and how severe should the punishment be for the child misbehaving)
c. Teachers then were given information about 2nd infraction from student & repeated ratings (remember this child that was misbehaving? They are doing it again)
d. Manipulated: name of students (stereotypical black or white name)

Question 8

What were the results and implications of the Eberhardt, Parrott, & Sprunger (2015) study?

Answer 8

a. No difference for first infraction, but higher ratings & more severe punishment for 2nd infraction if student’s name was stereotypically black.
b. In criminal justice – black offenders may be punished more harshly

Question 9

Racism that concerns ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, on the one hand, and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, on the other hand.

Answer 9

Aversive racism

Question 10

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

Answer 10

implicit racism

Question 11

A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.

Answer 11

Stereotype

Question 12

How does stereotyping relate to the ABCs?

Answer 12

Belief or association
Cognition aspect

Question 13

Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups

Answer 13

Prejudice

Question 14

How does prejudice relate to the ABCs?

Answer 14

Negative emotions
Affect aspect

Question 15

Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

Answer 15

Discrimination

Question 16

How does discrimination relate to the ABC’s?

Answer 16

behavior/acts
behavior aspect

Question 17

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.

Answer 17

Sexism

Question 18

How are gender stereotypes different from other stereotypes?

Answer 18

1. They tend to be prescriptive rather than descriptive
2. Can be associated with perceptions about gender roles
3. Deviations from expectations are viewed as negatives

Question 19

A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings of affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.

What are the two types?

Answer 19

Ambivalent sexism

1. Hostile sexism
2. Benevolent sexism

Question 20

Negative and resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, & challenge to men’s power

Answer 20

hostile sexism

Question 21

Affectionate & misguided chivalry toward women which may be viewed as patronizing (insulting)

Answer 21

Benevolent (attempting to do good) sexism

Question 22

When women are viewed or treated more as mere bodies or objects and less as fully functioning human beings.

Answer 22

Objectification

Question 23

When women accuse a male of sexual abuse, not much if anything changes but if roles were reversed, action would be taken

Answer 23

Double Standards

Question 24

What is the implicit association test (IAT)?

Answer 24

Measures the extent to which two concepts are associated

Question 25

What is the implicit association test (IAT) designed for?

Answer 25

1. Measure the underlying automatic evaluation between two concepts 2. Emphasizes quick reactions rather than slow & deliberate responses

Question 26

What are the implications of research involving this implicit association test (IAT) assessment?

Answer 26

Targets-concept discrimination and attribute dimension (pleasant vs. unpleasant)

Question 27

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic

Answer 27

Stigmatized

Question 28

The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group

Answer 28

Stereotype threat

Question 29

How does stereotype threat influence performance?

Answer 29

Negatively impacts performance

Question 30

The Steele & Aronson (1995) study examines stereotype threat. How?

Answer 30

a. Black and white students took verbal section of SAT b. Exact same test presented as either “test of intelligence” or “problem-solving task unrelated to ability” c. Expect all students to struggle i. However, if test was related to intelligence, Black students would experience stereotype threat in addition to test stress ii. There is a belief of stereotype threat against intelligence for black students Results: Black students performed significantly worse when test was "related to intelligence"

Question 31

The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.

Answer 31

Social categorization

Question 32

The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.

Answer 32

Social Identity Theory

Question 33

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

Answer 33

ingroups

Question 34

Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

Answer 34

outgroups

Question 35

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

Answer 35

outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 36

The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups

Answer 36

Ingroup favoritism

Question 37

What predictions does social identity theory make about perceived threats to self-esteem?

Answer 37

1. Threats to one's self-esteem = increase of ingroup favoritism 2. Expressions of ingroup favoritism enhances one's self-esteem

Question 38

Fein & Spencer (1997) study Methods

Answer 38

Study conducted on campus with popular negative stereotype of the “Jewish American Princess” Participants were given a test, upon completion they were given either positive or negative feedback (social & verbal)/(inaccurate feedback, deliberately manipulating what feedback students were given) Then participants viewed interview of “Julie Goldberg” or “Mario D’Agostino” & evaluated their job interview performance (Names given were deliberately manipulated as well)

Question 39

Fein & Spencer (1997) study Findings

Answer 39

1. Negative feedback received prompted lower evaluation of “Jewish” candidate 2. Post-experiment increase in self-esteem when permitted to belittle “Jewish” candidate

Question 40

Fein & Spencer (1997) study Implications

Answer 40

When people feel a threat to self-esteem they are inclined to engage in downward social comparison or to "look down" on somebody Example: Bullying

Question 41

A desire to see one's ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.

Answer 41

Social dominance orientation

Question 42

A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.

Answer 42

system justification theory

Question 43

Which study demonstrates the influence of parents that represents a double standard? How?

Answer 43

Morrongelio & Dawber (2000) a. Showed others video of children engaging in risky behaviors on playground b. Ask them to stop the video and indicate what they would normally tell child c. Mother’s with daughters: stopped more & expressed more caution about child getting hurt d. “You could fall” vs. “Good job! Let me see you go higher!”

Question 44

Muzafer Sherif et al. (1954) - Robbers Cave Park Experiment Method and findings

Answer 44

a. “Rattlers” vs “Eagles” Two separate groups of well adjust white middle-class 11-year-old boys Groups turned hostile toward one another once aware of each other and once aware of a competition (the boys burned flags, ransacked cabins, etc.) They found that if they made the boys from both groups work together on a common goal, friendships would begin to form.

Question 45

Muzafer Sherif et al. (1954) - Robbers Cave Park Experiment How was conflict created? How was it resolved?

Answer 45

Conflict created: The two groups didn't know about each other until it was announced a tournament (competition) would be held between them Resolution: Created superordinate goals (mutual) which changed hostilities into intergroup friendliness because they had to work together

Question 46

Muzafer Sherif et al. (1954) - Robbers Cave Park Experiment What role do superordinate goals have in changing hostilities?

Answer 46

By allowing them to work together, it made room for intergroup friendliness

Question 47

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Answer 47

Realistic conflict theory

Question 48

What is the importance of socialization and stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination?

Answer 48

Socialization is the process by which people come to learn about social norms, rules, & information about their culture and/or group We learn two ways 1. Implicit 2. Explicit We then form beliefs, feelings, and behave in a way that matches our schemas

Question 49

Interactions between members of different social groups

Answer 49

Intergroup contact

Question 50

The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.

Answer 50

contact hypothesis

Question 51

What are four conditions for resolving conflicts?

Answer 51

1. Equal status 2. Personal Interaction 3. Cooperative activities 4. Social norms

Question 52

Knowing that an ingroup friend has a good and close relationship with a member of an outgroup can produce positive intergroup benefits in ways similar to direct contact.

Answer 52

Extended contact effect