Chapter 9 Flashcards
Motivation
Internal drives and desires that activate the organism to pursue some goal
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to engage in some activity or behavior as a function of internal interest and/or to achieve a desired internal state
Extrinsic Motivation
Engaging in some activity or a behavior that brings something external that the individual needs or desires
Implicit Motives
Motives that either exist outside of our awareness or influence us without our direct awareness
Explicit Motives
The drives and striving of which we are consciously aware and may even consciously elect to pursue
Motivational Interviewing
A psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people identify their goals and values and reflect on if their current actions are helping them achieve their goals or not
Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology
The division of psychology that studies variables that impact workplace organization, performance, and satisfaction
What are the three universal components in motivation definitions?
Drive/desire
Aims
Activation
Drive Reduction Theory
Views motivation as an arousal state that accompanies a deficit or deprivation state for a given need
Incentives
External stimuli that activate motives because they are rewarding or desirable
Optimal Arousal Theory
Humans seek to regulate their arousal by adjusting their behaviors in a manner that fits the individual and the situation
Sensation Seeking
Preferences for higher levels of arousal and a tendency to pursue sensory experiences
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Task performance is best when we have a moderate level of arousal
Satiety
The feeling we have when we have eaten enough
WWII Deprivation study
Ancel keys studied how men responded to semi-starvation, they constantly thought about food
Internal balloon study
Washburn swallowed a balloon that expanded. Suggested that stomach contractions contribute to hunger sensations
Later hypothalamus
The outer portions of the hypothalamus and these parts send signals that activate hunger and thirst motives
Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus
The inner portion of the hypothalamus that is closer to the front. Terminates feelings of hunger and creates feelings of satiety
Glucose
A type of sugar in your bloodstream that supplies energy for your body tissue and cells
Ghrelin
Is often referred to as the “hunger hormone” because it stimulates the lateral hypothalamus to create hunger motivation
Orexin
A hormone-like substance released by the lateral hypothalamus and regulates many basic motives, including hunger
Insulin
Secreted by the pancreas, helps cells absorb glucose and it also acts to suppress hunger
CCK (Cholecystokinin)
A hormone secreted by the gastrointestinal system that aids in digestion and reduces hunger
Peptide YY
Another hormone also secreted by the small intestine that reduces the hunger drive
Eating studies
De Castro showed how people eat more when they are around others
Unit Bias
The tendency to think of food in terms of “units” when determining how much to consume
Metabolism
The process by which the food and liquids you consume are transformed and converted into energy
Basal Metabolic Rate
How much energy your body is using when it is at rest
Body Mass Index
A person’s weight-to-height ratio and is calculated by taking a person’s weight and dividing it by the square of that person’s height
TOFI
These individuals often have a BMI in the normal or slightly overweight range, but have large quantities of fat inside
Set Point Theory
Over time, the body develops a sense of how much energy it needs in relation to how much energy it burns and uses this information to adjust hunger motivation over time
Leptin
Is secreted by fat cells, plays a role in regulating food consumption and energy use. Your leptin level tells your brain how much energy is stored
Settling Point Theory
Our set point is more flexible and more greatly impacted by lifestyle, environment, and culture
Mindful Eating
Non-judgmental observation of the physical and psychological sensations that occur while eating
Psychological needs
Henry Murray and David McClelland, desired states
Picture-Story Exercise
Participants or patients are shown an image and asked to think for a bit and then make up a story with a beginning, middle, and an end, based on the image
Implicit Motives
Motives that exist and/or impact us outside of our conscious awareness, respond to task-intrinsic incentives and influence behaviors in unstructured situation
Explicit Motives
Motives that we are aware of and/or that we ascribe to ourselves
Need for Achievement
Involves a desire to perform well based on some standard, to feel challenged, to develop a sense of mastery, and to avoid failure
Need for Power
Involves strong desires to be influential, capable of impacting one’s environment, and wishes to be recognized
Need for Affiliation
Refers to a desire to connect with others, to interact socially, and to form mutually dependent relationships
Motivation Test Study
Participants in the experimental group were told they would be taking a very important test that tapped their abilities. This was expected to prime the idea of achievement. The control group was given no such instruction. Participants from both groups then created stories in response to pictures. As expected, the stories of those in the experimental group contained more achievement words and themes than the stories of those in the control group
Ring Toss Study
Participants low in achievement motivation opted to stand either very close or far away, while those high in achievement motivation select distances where they were sometimes successful and sometimes not
Attachment Theory
The biological drive to form close bonds with caregivers in humans and explains how individual differences in the quality of those bonds influence emotion regulation, motivation, and relationship functioning, Ainsworth and Bowlby
Attachment System
The inborn biological system regulating the attachment drive
Felt Security
The attachment theory term that refers to the individual’s inner sense of feeling safe, calm, and loved, which satisfies attachment-related motives
Strange Situation
A laboratory procedure that can be used to study individual differences in attachment and to identify a child’s attachment style, Ainsworth and Bowlby
Harry Harlow
There is an inborn drive to socialize and bond with caregivers among some higher order animals
Secure Attachment Style
Balance desires for exploring the environment and developing themselves with connecting with their caregivers and relying on them for support
Anxious-Ambivalent Style
Overly active attachment systems, resulting in excessive concerns regarding proximity, clingy behavior, and reluctance to leave the attachment figure and explore the environment
Anxious-Avoidant Style
They tend to immediately begin exploring the toys. However, when the caregiver leaves the room they don’t behaviorally express distress or seek proximity. Instead, they continue to play with the toys
Internal Working Models
Explicit and implicit neural networks that are organized from developmental experiences with attachment figures and which are used to navigate future close relationships
Ostracism
Being actively excluded from a group
