Chapter 10

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

The integration of physiological (body) and affective (mind) responses that involve arousal, cognitive interpretations, and expressive behaviors

Question 2

Intrapersonal Communication

Answer 2

The passing of information between systems within a single individual

Question 3

Interpersonal Communication

Answer 3

The transfer of information across individuals

Question 4

Physiological Arousal

Answer 4

Autonomic and central nervous system arousal

Question 5

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 5

Greatly emphasized the importance of physiological arousal in emotions

Question 6

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 6

Felt that physiological arousal was not sufficiently complicated to explain all of the emotions that humans feel. Felt that James and Lange had vastly underestimated the role of thinking in feeling

Question 7

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Answer 7

Stanley Schachter, place primary emphasis on arousal, views arousal in a far simpler way, they see cognition as being very involved

Question 8

Spill-Over Effect

Answer 8

the same arousal can be experienced in different ways based on the situation we are in

Question 9

Waiting Room Study

Answer 9

Participants who knew that their arousal was the result of a pill, showed less emotional behavior and reported lower levels of emotion. When the participants didn’t know that the pill would increase arousal, he or she relied on cues from the context

Question 10

Valence

Answer 10

The degree to which the emotion involves positive, desirable states or negative, undesirable states

Question 11

Arousal

Answer 11

An increase in reactivity or wakefulness that primes us for some kind of action

Question 12

Affective Primacy

Answer 12

Zajonc, a very basic emotional response occurs prior to us engaging in higher-level cognitive processing

Question 13

Chinese Ideograph Studies

Answer 13

Winkielman, Zajonc, & Schwarz, a prime stimulus (in this case the faces) was presented prior to target stimulus (in this case the Chinese ideograph) and was expected to influence ratings of the ideograph even though participants would not be able to explicitly state what the implicit primes were

Question 14

Appraisal Theory

Answer 14

Lazarus, emotional reactions to external and internal events are the results of how we think about the meaning of those events

Question 15

Primary Appraisal

Answer 15

Appraise the meaning of a stimulus, Is it dangerous, threatening, something desirable, or something to ignore

Question 16

Secondary Appraisal

Answer 16

We appraise the extent to which we feel we can cope with stimulus

Question 17

Low Road

Answer 17

LeDoux, incoming sensory information is sent from the thalamus directly to the amygdala which then engages in very basic processing

Question 18

High Road

Answer 18

A sensory information processing path that runs through the thalamus to a sensory cortex from there the information travels to other areas of the cortex that further process the information and make evaluations, until finally the processed information is sent back to the amygdala

Question 19

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 19

Regulates attention and working memory, and plays a role in language comprehension, inhibition, and conscious awareness

Question 20

Differential Emotions Theory

Answer 20

Izard, humans begin life biologically wired to experience a discrete set of independent emotions, which are conveyed through expressive behaviors

Question 21

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Answer 21

Facial expressions can, at times, trigger corresponding emotions

Question 22

Dot-Probe Task

Answer 22

Two visual stimuli are presented on a computer screen at the same time. One stimulus is clearly emotional in nature and the other is emotionally neutral. A dot appears somewhere on the screen in either the emotional or non-emotional image. The participant must locate the dot as quickly as possible.

Question 23

Lever Studies

Answer 23

Marsh, participants viewed emotional pictures. It was easier for people to “push away” the negative emotional images, and to “pull towards” the positive emotional images

Question 24

The Super Bowl Ad Study,

Answer 24

Advertisements that produced higher levels of arousal were more likely to be viewed online and remembered over time. Thus, increased arousal led to greater attention which led to greater retention of the advertisement

Question 25

Emotional Response Categorization

Answer 25

A theory that suggests that we group memories and concepts in terms of their emotional significance to us

Question 26

Mood-Congruent Memory

Answer 26

Our emotional state at the time of encoding and at the time of retrieval influence what we encode and what we can retrieve

Question 27

Somatic Marker Hypothesis

Answer 27

Damasio, humans learn to associate contexts with somatic markers of feeling states and we rely on these to make judgments and decisions

Question 28

Iowa Gambling Task

Answer 28

Damasio, learn to associate negative emotional reactions produced by the loss cards with specific decks. Most participants with intact emotional systems rapidly learn to prefer the low-risk decks, as the most profitable strategy was to select cards from these decks

Question 29

Footbridge Version of the Trolley Problem

Answer 29

Greene, people imagine that they were standing on a footbridge over the trolley track when they noticed that a trolley was about to enter a tunnel with five workers in it, you could push a large person onto the tracks and this would stop the train

Question 30

Ultimatum Game

Answer 30

Generally, responders will reject any offer that is less than five dollars. Why would they do this? The answer is emotionally obvious to even a child: It’s not fair!

Question 31

Facial Action Coding System

Answer 31

Ekman, an anatomically-based rating system for coding various facial expressions

Question 32

Electromyogram

Answer 32

A device that measures the electrical currents created when muscles contract

Question 33

Microexpressions

Answer 33

Emotional facial expressions that last for extremely brief periods before they are covered up, masked, or replaced by another expression

Question 34

Superior Temporal Sulcus

Answer 34

Actively process socially relevant emotional stimuli

Question 35

Emotional Empathy

Answer 35

The capacity to accurately recognize the emotional states and intentions of others

Question 36

Theory of Constructed Emotion

Answer 36

Barrett, emotions are the result of combining basic psychological processes that create our experience of emotion

Question 37

Cingulate Cortex

Answer 37

A subcortical region of the brain within the limbic system that is sent information from the thalamus, helps to integrate this information with memory, and helps transfer information between the cortex and other limbic structures

Question 38

Theatening-Non-Threatening Facial Expression Studies

Answer 38

Pollack, exposed children to a series of faces. The researchers took a face that clearly expressed anger and a face that clearly expressed fear and then, using a computer, they merged the images to create a series of mixed facial expressions. Children who had previously experienced physical abuse were more likely to detect low levels of anger and facial expressions. They were also more likely to see fearful faces as containing anger

Question 39

Facial Mimicry

Answer 39

The typically automatic process of adjusting our facial expressions to mimic the emotions or emotional tones of those that we are with