Chapter 10 Flashcards
Emotions
The integration of physiological (body) and affective (mind) responses that involve arousal, cognitive interpretations, and expressive behaviors
Intrapersonal Communication
The passing of information between systems within a single individual
Interpersonal Communication
The transfer of information across individuals
Physiological Arousal
Autonomic and central nervous system arousal
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Greatly emphasized the importance of physiological arousal in emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Felt that physiological arousal was not sufficiently complicated to explain all of the emotions that humans feel. Felt that James and Lange had vastly underestimated the role of thinking in feeling
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Stanley Schachter, place primary emphasis on arousal, views arousal in a far simpler way, they see cognition as being very involved
Spill-Over Effect
the same arousal can be experienced in different ways based on the situation we are in
Waiting Room Study
Participants who knew that their arousal was the result of a pill, showed less emotional behavior and reported lower levels of emotion. When the participants didn’t know that the pill would increase arousal, he or she relied on cues from the context
Valence
The degree to which the emotion involves positive, desirable states or negative, undesirable states
Arousal
An increase in reactivity or wakefulness that primes us for some kind of action
Affective Primacy
Zajonc, a very basic emotional response occurs prior to us engaging in higher-level cognitive processing
Chinese Ideograph Studies
Winkielman, Zajonc, & Schwarz, a prime stimulus (in this case the faces) was presented prior to target stimulus (in this case the Chinese ideograph) and was expected to influence ratings of the ideograph even though participants would not be able to explicitly state what the implicit primes were
Appraisal Theory
Lazarus, emotional reactions to external and internal events are the results of how we think about the meaning of those events
Primary Appraisal
Appraise the meaning of a stimulus, Is it dangerous, threatening, something desirable, or something to ignore
Secondary Appraisal
We appraise the extent to which we feel we can cope with stimulus
Low Road
LeDoux, incoming sensory information is sent from the thalamus directly to the amygdala which then engages in very basic processing
High Road
A sensory information processing path that runs through the thalamus to a sensory cortex from there the information travels to other areas of the cortex that further process the information and make evaluations, until finally the processed information is sent back to the amygdala
Prefrontal Cortex
Regulates attention and working memory, and plays a role in language comprehension, inhibition, and conscious awareness
Differential Emotions Theory
Izard, humans begin life biologically wired to experience a discrete set of independent emotions, which are conveyed through expressive behaviors
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions can, at times, trigger corresponding emotions
Dot-Probe Task
Two visual stimuli are presented on a computer screen at the same time. One stimulus is clearly emotional in nature and the other is emotionally neutral. A dot appears somewhere on the screen in either the emotional or non-emotional image. The participant must locate the dot as quickly as possible.
Lever Studies
Marsh, participants viewed emotional pictures. It was easier for people to “push away” the negative emotional images, and to “pull towards” the positive emotional images
The Super Bowl Ad Study,
Advertisements that produced higher levels of arousal were more likely to be viewed online and remembered over time. Thus, increased arousal led to greater attention which led to greater retention of the advertisement
Emotional Response Categorization
A theory that suggests that we group memories and concepts in terms of their emotional significance to us
Mood-Congruent Memory
Our emotional state at the time of encoding and at the time of retrieval influence what we encode and what we can retrieve
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
Damasio, humans learn to associate contexts with somatic markers of feeling states and we rely on these to make judgments and decisions
Iowa Gambling Task
Damasio, learn to associate negative emotional reactions produced by the loss cards with specific decks. Most participants with intact emotional systems rapidly learn to prefer the low-risk decks, as the most profitable strategy was to select cards from these decks
Footbridge Version of the Trolley Problem
Greene, people imagine that they were standing on a footbridge over the trolley track when they noticed that a trolley was about to enter a tunnel with five workers in it, you could push a large person onto the tracks and this would stop the train
Ultimatum Game
Generally, responders will reject any offer that is less than five dollars. Why would they do this? The answer is emotionally obvious to even a child: It’s not fair!
Facial Action Coding System
Ekman, an anatomically-based rating system for coding various facial expressions
Electromyogram
A device that measures the electrical currents created when muscles contract
Microexpressions
Emotional facial expressions that last for extremely brief periods before they are covered up, masked, or replaced by another expression
Superior Temporal Sulcus
Actively process socially relevant emotional stimuli
Emotional Empathy
The capacity to accurately recognize the emotional states and intentions of others
Theory of Constructed Emotion
Barrett, emotions are the result of combining basic psychological processes that create our experience of emotion
Cingulate Cortex
A subcortical region of the brain within the limbic system that is sent information from the thalamus, helps to integrate this information with memory, and helps transfer information between the cortex and other limbic structures
Theatening-Non-Threatening Facial Expression Studies
Pollack, exposed children to a series of faces. The researchers took a face that clearly expressed anger and a face that clearly expressed fear and then, using a computer, they merged the images to create a series of mixed facial expressions. Children who had previously experienced physical abuse were more likely to detect low levels of anger and facial expressions. They were also more likely to see fearful faces as containing anger
Facial Mimicry
The typically automatic process of adjusting our facial expressions to mimic the emotions or emotional tones of those that we are with
