Chapter 11 Flashcards
Stress
A state involving physical and/or emotional strain that results from threats or challenges
Eustress
A positive form of stress
Acute Stress
Stress response was of a fairly brief duration
Episodic Stress
Regularly experiencing stressful situations that start and end
Chronic Stress
Stress that is experienced as uncontrollable or never ending
Transactional Theory of Stress
Lazarus, the degree of stress experienced by an individual is determined by how he or she appraises the stressor
Cortisol
A stress hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex that acts to increase the amount of glucose in the bloodstream, help the brain utilize more glucose, and make it easier for tissues to repair themselves
Immune System
The body’s system of cells, cell products, and cell-producing tissues, that protect the body from infections, viruses, foreign substances, and malignant cells
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that fight cancer, bacteria, and other foreign substances that enter the body
Viral Challenge Studies
Intentionally exposing healthy research participants to viruses and then observing who becomes ill and measuring the intensity of their symptoms
Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance
A condition in which immune cells lose sensitivity to hormones that tell them to stop the inflammatory response
Coronary Heart Disease
Occurs when plaque builds up in arteries making it hard for blood to travel through them
Type A Personality
People who are ambitious, driven, competitive, anger-prone, impatient, time conscious, and achievement oriented
Type B Personality
More relaxed, care-free attitudes, cooperative tendencies, patience, even-tempered, and reflective
Psychological Defense Mechanism
Used to describe automatic, involuntary, and implicit, forms of regulating emotions and/or self-image
Coping
The use of deliberate strategies that seek to eliminate or reduce threats and challenges and/or to better regulate internal stress reactions to mitigate the risk for negative effects
Problem-Focused Coping Efforts
To directly address the stressor or the problems the stressor creates. 1) elimination of the stressor, 2) elimination of a problem, and 3) directly addressing future problems created by the stressor
Emotion-focused Coping Efforts
Strategies which seek to reduce the negative impacts of the ongoing stressor by taking steps to managing how one feels, thinks, and responds behaviorally to the stressor
Rumination
Focusing on a stressor and thinking about it in a repetitive manner, over and over, without taking steps to address it
Meaning-Focused Coping
Considering beliefs and values to either re-frame how they view stressors or to alter how they are managing stressors
Reappraisal
Deliberate efforts to framing the stress in manner that gives it a neutral or positive meaning
Biopsychosocial Model
George Engels, puts forth the idea that biological factors (e.g., genetics) and processes (e.g., heart rate) influence and are influenced by psychological traits (e.g., your typical mood) and states (your immediate mood) which influences and is influenced by chronic social factors (e.g., access to social support; socio-economic status) and immediate social processes (e.g., are you performing a task in front of others or not)
Health psychology
The study of how psychological and behavioral processes interact to impact health, illness, and well-being, as well as the development and study of clinical applications designed to improve health-related outcomes
Psychoneuroimmunology
An area of stress research focusing on how psychological states and behavior interact with physical systems involved in stress to influence the immune system
Clinical Psychology
The broad field within psychology that concerns itself with the study of mental health and the application of findings from across psychology for use in the identification, diagnosis, and treatment, of mental-health related issues
Biofeedback
Interventions that show patients’ physiological signals as part of treatment interventions
Behavioral Medicine
A specific arm of clinical health psychology that focuses on applying behavioral principles primarily for treating medical disorders, improving compliance with difficult treatment protocols, and improving overall treatment course
Treatment Compliance
The degree to which a patient follows medical advice and adheres to his or her treatment protocol
Primary Prevention
Efforts targeting individuals who have not yet been effected by a problem or condition and striving to reduce their risk
Secondary Prevention
The early identification and rapid intervention to address problems and conditions and reduce the likelihood of poor outcomes
Tertiary Prevention
Steps taken to help individuals reduce long-term risks associated with having an ongoing condition or problem when possible and/or to relieve suffering as much as possible
Intention
Cognitive representation of one’s readiness to perform a given action
SMART Goals
Goals that are stated in specific terms, allow progress to be measured, are attainable, are relevant to other longer-term goals, and are time-bound
Perceived Behavioral Control
One’s perception that they are able to control things that create the desired outcome
Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Change
Involves five stages that emphasizes deciding to change, attempting to change, and maintaining changes over time
Change Talk
When people make statements about the pros and cons of change
Commitment Talk
A specific form of change talk, which involves statements by the patient indicating that they intend to try to make a change
Positive Psychology
The field focusing on factors that contribute to well-being, human flourishing, and optimal outcomes
Humanistic Psychology
A movement in psychology that emphasized free will, “uniquely” human experiences, growth experiences, and motivation for fulfillment
Peak Experience
Maslow, relatively rare moments where one feels in harmony with one’s immediate environment and one’s self
Flow State
An internal state in which a person is fully immersed and focused on an activity while experiencing a sense of purpose
Broaden-and-Build Model
Suggests that positive emotions not only serve a basic motivational function, but broaden people’s momentary thought-action repertoires and help them further develop enduring resources
Emotional Film Clip Study
Participants viewed short film clips known to induce positive feelings, negative feelings, or a neutral state. Participants were then given a piece of paper and asked to write down all the things they felt like doing. Participants who viewed the film clips that induced positive emotions wrote down more things than those who viewed neutral or negative induction films
Gratitude
A felt state of wonder and appreciation for life, others, and things
The Ongoing Writing Study
67 individuals who were followed for four-weeks, participants were randomly assigned to different groups. The first group were asked to regularly do an exercise that involved writing down what they were grateful for at regular intervals over the course of four weeks. Those in the gratitude group experienced an increase in their experience of positive emotion over the course of four weeks. These studies suggest that intentionally activating a grateful mindset tends to bring on positive emotions that will broaden one’s perspective and help him or her develop resources
Resilience
The ability to cope with, positively approach, and recover from adversity and challenges
Subjective Well-Being
Individuals’ cognitive and emotional evaluations of happiness and the overall quality of their current lives
Tripartite Model
SWB involves frequent positive emotion, infrequent negative emotion, and a positive cognitive evaluation of life satisfaction
Longitudinal Nun Study
Danner, Snowdon, and Friesen, these authors found that nuns who had higher SWB lived about 10 years longer than those with low SWB
