Chapter 9

Question 1

Means to incorporate aspects of the dominant culture while retaining aspects of the group’s ethnic origin.

Answer 1

Acculturate

Question 2

Refers to a policy or program that seeks to redress past discrimination by increasing opportunities for underrepresented groups.

Answer 2

Affirmative action

Question 3

Happens when various cultures combine to create a new culture.

Answer 3

Amalgamation

Question 4

Is the process of ethnic minorities adopting the cultural characteristics of the dominant group while simultaneously rejecting their ethnic traits.

Answer 4

Assimilation

Question 5

Is the differential treatment of people based on superficial characteristics, such as skin color or accent, that injures their ability to acquire resources.

Answer 5

Discrimination

Question 6

Is the shared heritage of a cultural group consisting of common characteristics such as language, religion, cultural practices and nationality or geography, that differentiate it from other groups.

Answer 6

Ethnicity

Question 7

Means to judge other cultures or societies according to the standards of the culture or society that one belongs to. It is conviction that other ethnic groups or nations are inferior to yours.

Answer 7

Ethnocentrism

Question 8

Refers to the deliberate mass killing of an identifiable ethnic group.

Answer 8

Genocide

Question 9

Refers to overt behavior resulting in injury to others based on their perceived as inferior social status. It is the use of language and actions by one person to treat another unfairly.

Answer 9

Individual Discrimination

Question 10

Refers to the consequences from the accepted ways of rulemaking in and function of the government and the economy that reproduce inequality for historically discriminated racial minorities while continuing the advantage and privilege of the dominant ground.

Answer 10

Institutional Discrimination

Question 11

Refers to the social system consisting of racist behavior in government, the economy and social etiquette that subjugates African Americans as second-class, powerless citizens. Public facilities like restaurants were legally permitted to deny them full service while law enforcement protected the interests of the White elite against racial minorities’ protests.

Answer 11

Jim Crow

Question 12

Is morally unjust behavior upheld by laws and the interpretation by the court system.

Answer 12

Legal Discrimination

Question 13

Are the ability to experience the opportunities and corresponding resources available in a society.

Answer 13

Life Chances

Question 14

Is the social group that exercises superior power and that benefits from controlling society’s resources. Population numbers do not equate to this power.

Answer 14

Majority Group

Question 15

Is the subordinate group that holds inferior political and economic power, and has less control of important resources in society than members of the majority group.

Answer 15

Minority Group

Question 16

Refers to a “who’s had it worse” form of competition between aggrieved groups or people for attention, resource acquisition and/or ideational supremacy.

Answer 16

Oppression Olympics

Question 17

Refers to physical characteristics such as skin color, eye features, hair texture and nose shape to define groups and members belonging to them.

Answer 17

Phenotype

Question 18

Is an irrational preconception or feeling about a person or group absent of knowledge, thought or reason.

Answer 18

Prejudice

Question 19

Is the perception of humanity that attributes nature, biology and/or culture to categorize groups on a hierarchical basis from superior to inferior.

Answer 19

Race

Question 20

Is a framework for understanding the psychological, physiological, emotional and behavioral responses toward racial microaggressions.

Answer 20

Racial Battle Fatigue

Question 21

Refers to a socially subordinate group that is culturally distinct. The second-class status is circumscribed by racial stratification and further stigmatized by the group’s ethnic characteristics.

Answer 21

Racial-ethnic group

Question 22

Is how society creates and transforms racial categories over time.

Answer 22

Racial Formation

Question 23

Refers to the subtle invalidations or indirect attacks on people for their racial-ethnic membership.

Answer 23

Racial Microaggressions

Question 24

Is a discriminatory law enforcement tactic in which racial minorities are targeted.

Answer 24

Racial Profiling

Question 25

Is a set of beliefs used to justify the unfair treatment of a racial group and its members.

Answer 25

Racism

Question 26

Is the singling out of a group or individual for unmerited blame.

Answer 26

Scapegoating

Question 27

Is the physical separation of individuals or groups from each other.

Answer 27

Segregation

Question 28

Refers to the behavioral expectation that something will occur predicated by the perception ascribed to it. The prediction influences people to think and behave in such a manner as to shape reality, making their expectation true in the end.

Answer 28

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 29

Refers to the belief that the ideas that influence and govern social organizations are human inventions.

Answer 29

Social Construction

Question 30

Is the ranking of social categories in a hierarchy from worthiness or superiority at the top to less so toward the bottom.

Answer 30

Social Stratification

Question 31

Refers to pre-defined, rigid mental images about how a person or group should act or think, held to be true regardless of whether there is evidence or data disproving these images. Stereotypes may be positive or negative but nevertheless are problematic overgeneralizations.

Answer 31

Stereotyping

Question 32

Refers to cultural superiority ascribed to people who have “white” skin.

Answer 32

White Privilege

Question 33

Is the idea that Whites are naturally and culturally superior in every aspect of life.

Answer 33

White Supremacy

Question 34

Refers to fear of the foreign.

Answer 34

Xenophobia