Chapter 8

Question 1

Describes people who are desperately poor and may not know where their next meal will come from.

Answer 1

Absolute Poverty

Question 2

Refers to the condition of powerlessness, estrangement or dissociation from the workplace and or society.

Answer 2

Alienation

Question 3

Are based on stratification, classifying people at birth into social levels in which they remain.

Answer 3

Caste Systems

Question 4

Is the shared awareness class members have of their status and rank within a society, as well as their interests.

Answer 4

Class Consciousness

Question 5

Are stratification systems in which an individual’s position is not fixed but instead is relatively open, allowing the individual opportunities to move between levels.

Answer 5

Class Systems

Question 6

Refers to the relatively recent phenomenon where the affluent engage in activities that are environmentally friendly in order to obtain or signal a higher social status.

Answer 6

Conspicuous Conservatism

Question 7

Involves the public display and use of expensive items.

Answer 7

Conspicuous Consumption

Question 8

Advocates argue that some countries are poorer and less developed because they are dependent on more developed countries.

Answer 8

Dependency Theory

Question 9

Is one of the theories attributed to Karl Marx to mean that social differentiation and class conflict resulted from economic factors.

Answer 9

Economic Determinism

Question 10

Is the process by which the powerful and rich people fence (enclose) their land in order to exclude others.

Answer 10

Enclosure

Question 11

Is a belief in ideas that are contrary to one’s own best interests.

Answer 11

False Consciousness

Question 12

Is the movement from one social position to another of the same rank and/or prestige.

Answer 12

Horizontal Mobility

Question 13

Is the result of hard work and perseverance by an individual.

Answer 13

Individual Mobility

Question 14

Describes changes in the social positions of children in comparison to their parents.

Answer 14

Intergenerational Mobility

Question 15

Relates to changes in social position over the course of person’s lifetime.

Answer 15

Intragenerational Mobility

Question 16

Is the average number of years a member of the population can expect to live.

Answer 16

Life Expectancy

Question 17

Is the amorphous urban social group below the proletariat, consisting of the unemployed, criminals, tramps and other people who are not considered useful to production.

Answer 17

Lumpenproletariat

Question 18

Are things that can be quickly converted into cash when cash is needed.

Answer 18

Marketable Assets

Question 19

Occurs when people are able to satisfy their basic needs and have money left over to spend on goods and services.

Answer 19

Materialism

Question 20

Is a system in which people are rewarded on the basis of their talents and achievements.

Answer 20

Meritocracy

Question 21

States that societies started as simple and traditional, then moved, or are moving toward, being modern (developed) societies.

Answer 21

Modernization Theory

Question 22

Is the indirect continuation of colonialism through economic means.

Answer 22

Neo-colonialism

Question 23

Is an effort to equal or surpass another in status associated with wealth.

Answer 23

Pecuniary Emulation

Question 24

Is the ability to achieve one’s goals despite opposition from others.

Answer 24

Power

Question 25

Describes a small group of high-ranking leaders from government, corporations, and the military.

Answer 25

Power Elite

Question 26

Is the level of respect accorded to individuals and groups of people, especially on the basis of their occupation or profession.

Answer 26

Prestige

Question 27

Is the number of goods and services that can be purchased with a unit of currency.

Answer 27

Purchasing Power

Question 28

Is the feeling or belief that you are poor when you compare yourself with other people.

Answer 28

Relative Poverty

Question 29

Is made up of people in relatively similar situations with roughly the same power, income, and prestige.

Answer 29

Social Class

Question 30

Is the movement from one social position to another.

Answer 30

Social Mobility

Question 31

Is the systematic ranking of categories of people on a scale of social worth, which affects how valued resources are distributed in a society.

Answer 31

Social Stratification

Question 32

Refers to a social position that is held by a person and characterized by rights and duties.

Answer 32

Status

Question 33

Occurs when people experience mismatch between their statuses, or when a person experiences mismatching statuses him or herself.

Answer 33

Status Inconsistency

Question 34

Rank people based on their social prestige.

Answer 34

Status Systems

Question 35

Involves societal events that allow entire groups of people to move up or down the social structure together.

Answer 35

Structured Mobility

Question 36

Is the movement from one social position to another of a different rank and/or prestige. This change can be in an upward or downward direction.

Answer 36

Vertical Mobility