Chapter 9- Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell to cell communication evolved from ____

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Examples of Bacteria communication

A

Spore formation, biofilm formation, and bioluminescence

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3
Q

Signaling in bacteria is ___

A

Density dependent (Quorum Sensing)

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4
Q

Components of Quorum Sensing

A

Autoinducers (from bacteria)
Upregulate gene expression (a process that involves the signals of the cell)

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5
Q

What are the four categories of Signaling? (multicellular organism)

A

Autocrine
Contact-dependent
paracrine
endocrine

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6
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

signaling molecule diffuses across environment to target cell (quick and short lived, local signal) involving and relying on neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

A cell that produces ligand that targets itself
- example: cells infected with a virus already; sending signals that’ll bind to their own receptors, preventing the virus from spreading.

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8
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Signals from cells that are meant for distance target cells in the blood stream.
- its like a highway with the cars being the signals and the blood stream being the highway

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9
Q

Contact dependent signaling

A

-Surface receptors on two cells bind to each other locking them into place (ex: on the skin)
- gap junctions (channel between cells that signals can diffuse across)

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10
Q

Ligand : a molecule that binds to ____

A

a receptor

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11
Q

Examples of ligands (signaling molecules)

A

amino acids
lipids
proteins

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12
Q

Intercellular (cell surface) receptors

A

Transmembrane proteins

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13
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

inside the cytoplasm of the cell

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14
Q

signal transduction

A

when the ligand bonds to the receptor and causes a change in the cell (3 step process)

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15
Q

What are the three steps of signal transduction?

A

Reception: Ligand bonds to receptor
Transduction: shape change is made into a signal into the cytoplasm
Response: affect on the cell

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16
Q

Protein Kinase Signaling

A

Kinases phosphorylate other proteins

17
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Same function as proteins in the signaling cascade; it serves as a second messenger. Binds to activate PKA so it can phosphorylate with other proteins

18
Q

andenylyl cyclase

A

Uses ATP to catalyze cAMP

19
Q

Who discovered Nucleic Acids?

A

Friedrich Miecher

20
Q

The Frederick Griffith experiments

A

Discovered that genetic material can be transferred between live and dead bacteria

21
Q

Hershey and chase’s experiments

A

used radioactively labeled phosphorus and sulfur

22
Q

Erwin Chargaff discovered…

A

base pairing rules for DNA
- Adenine pairs with thymine
- Guanine pairs with Cytosine

23
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin (famous from watson and crick)

24
Q

DNA replication is ____

A

semi-conservative (two strands separate, old strand is used as a template, and new strands are created)

25
Q

what are the three stages of DNA replication in prokaryotes?

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

26
Q

Initiation is the…

A

origin of replication
creates a replication fork