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A&P Chapters 9-11 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

The consists of how many skeletal muscles

A

Over 600

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2
Q

Skeletal muscles are composed of (4 things)

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Blood
Connective tissue

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3
Q

Thin covering of connective tissue around a muscle

A

Fascia

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4
Q

Cord-like mass of connective tissue that connects muscle to a bone

A

Tendon

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5
Q

Sheet-like mass of connective tissue that connects a muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle

A

Aponeurosis

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6
Q

Surrounds whole muscle; lies beneath fascia

A

Epimysium

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7
Q

Surrounds fascicles within a muscle

A

Perimysium

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8
Q

Surrounds muscle fibers(cells) within a fascicle

A

Endomysium

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9
Q

Cell membrane of muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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10
Q

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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11
Q

Consists of sarcomeres connected end-to-end

A

Myofibrils

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12
Q

Made by arrangement of myofilaments in myofibrils

A

Striation pattern

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13
Q

Composed of myosin protein, heads form cross-bridges with thin filament (filament)

A

Thick filament

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14
Q

Composed of actin protein, associated with troponin and tropomyosin, which prevent cross-bridge formation when muscle is not contracting (filament)

A

Thin filaments

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15
Q

Results from a movement within the myofibrils, in which the actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the sarcomeres. Muscle fiber shortens and pulls on attachment sites.

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

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16
Q

A type of synapse, also called “myoneural junction” site where an axon of motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber interact. Skeletal muscle fibers contract only when stimulated by a motor neuron. (Junction)

A

Neuromuscular junction

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17
Q

Parts of motor neuron

A

Motor neuron
Motor end plate
Synaptic plate
Synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitters

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18
Q

Neuron that controls skeletal muscle fiber

A

Motor neuron

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19
Q

Specialized folded portion of skeletal muscle fiber, where fiber binds to neurotransmitter.

A

Motor end plate

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20
Q

Membrane-bound sacs containing neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicles

21
Q

Chemicals released by motor neurons to deliver message to muscle fiber

A

Neurotransmitters

22
Q

Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

23
Q

Enzyme that rapidly decomposes ACH remaining in the synapse

A

Acetylcholinesterase

24
Q

Glycolysis, occurs in cytoplasm, produces little ATP (phase of cellular respiration)

A

Anaerobic phase

25
Q

Citric acid cycle and electron transport system, occurs in mitochondria, produces the most ATP, myoglobin stores extra oxygen in muscles

A

Aerobic phase

26
Q

Inability to contract muscle; decreased blood flow, Ion imbalances across the sarcolemma, loss of desire to continue exercise, accumulation of lactic acid

A

Muscle fatigue

27
Q

Sustained, involuntary muscle contraction, may be caused by changes in electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluids in the area

A

Muscle cramp

28
Q

————— cells are a major source of body heat

A

Muscle cells

29
Q

Transports heat throughout body core

A

Blood

30
Q

Continuous state of partial contraction in resting muscles

A

Muscle tone (Tonus)

31
Q

Muscle changes length but force is constant

A

Isotonic contraction

32
Q

Constant length but force changes

A

Isometric contraction

33
Q

Muscle contracts with force greater than resistance and shortens (type contraction)

A

Concentric contractions

34
Q

Muscle contracts with force less than resistance and lengthen (type of contraction)

A

Eccentric contraction

35
Q

Muscle contracts but does not change length (type of contraction)

A

Isometric contraction

36
Q

Multinucleated, sacroplasmic reticulum- endoplasmic reticulum of muscle; stores calcium

A

Skeletal muscle

37
Q

Covers binding sites on actin, prevents myosin and actin from binding, muscle fiber relaxes

A

Troponin-tropomyosin complex

38
Q

Shorter, single, centrally located nucleus, elongated with tapering ends, lack striation, lack transverse tubules, sacroplasmic reticulum not well developed.

A

Smooth muscle

39
Q

Two types of smooth muscle

A

Multi unit smooth muscle
Visceral smooth muscle

40
Q

Cells less organized, function as a separate units, fibers function independently, found on IRIS of eye, walls of blood vessels, stimulated by neurons, hormones.

A

Multi unit smooth muscle

41
Q

Single-unit smooth muscle; cells respond as a unit, sheets of spindle-shaped muscle fibers, fibers held together by gap junctions, exhibit rhythmicity, conduct peristalsis, walls of hollow organs, most common type of smooth muscle

A

Visceral smooth muscle

42
Q

Smooth muscle contraction differs from skeletal because

A

Smooth muscle lacks troponin; uses calmodulin instead. Two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle; Acetylcholine ACh and norepinephrine NE

43
Q

Located only in heart
Striated muscle cells
Fibers branch, contain a single nucleus
Self-exciting and rhythmic
Longer refractory period than skeletal muscles
No sustained or tetanic contractions

A

Cardiac muscles

44
Q

Action of muscle depends mainly on two factors

A

Type of joint it is associated with
Way muscle is attached on both sides of the joint

45
Q

Muscle that causes an action

A

Agonist

46
Q

Agonist primarily responsible for movement

A

Prime mover

47
Q

Muscles that assist agonist/prime mover

A

Synergists

48
Q

Muscles whose contractions cause movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover

A

Antagonist

A&P Chapters 9-11 (5 decks)

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