Chapter 11 Flashcards
Membranes that protect brain and spinal cord; between bone and soft tissues of nervous system
Meninges
Three layers of meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Out layer, tough dense connective tissue, dural sinuses, epidural space (layer of meninges)
Dura mater
Middle layer; attached to surface of brain, spinal cord, subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (layer of meninges)
Arachnoid mater
Inner layer; attached to surface of brain, spinal cord, contains blood vessels and nerves, nourishes CNS (layer of meninges)
Pia mater
CSF is produced in..
4 ventricles, interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres, and brain stem
The four ventricles are…
2 lateral ventricles (called 1st and 2nd ventricles)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Connect third to lateral ventricles
Inter-ventricular foramina
Connects third and fourth ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral spinal fluid is secreted by special capillaries of the pia mater covered by ependymal cells called.
Choroid plexuses
After exchanging substances, CSF is absorbed by the….
Arachnoid granulations
Volume of CSF at any time is… average
140mL
Brain forms from three vesicles (cavities)
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Forebrain becomes (brain development)
Cerebrum
Basal nuclei
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon remains (brain development)
Midbrain
Hindbrain becomes (brain development)
Cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
Major portions of the adult brain
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
Cerebrum is separated into two halves, separated by falx cerebri
Cerebral hemispheres
Connects cerebral hemispheres of cerebrum
Corpus callosum
Ridges and convolutions of cerebrum
Gyri
Shallow grooves in surface; example: central sulcus
Sulci
Deep grooves in surface of cerebrum
Fissures
Fissures that separate cerebral into two hemispheres
Longitudinal
Fissures that separate cerebrum from cerebellum
Transverse
Five lobes of cerebral hemispheres
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insula(island of real) deep within lateral sulcus
Responsible for higher mental functions, seat of intelligence and personality
Cerebral cortex
Sensory areas of the Cortex (6)
Cutaneous sensory area
Sensory speech area (wernicke’s)
Visual area
Auditory area
Sensory area for taste
Sensory area for smell
Parietal lobe, interprets sensation on skin
Cutaneous sensory area
Temporal/parietal lobe, usually left hemisphere, understanding and formulating language
Sensory speech area(Wernicke’s area)
Occipital lobe, interprets vision
Visual area
Temporal lobe, interprets hearing
Auditory area
Near base of the central sulcus, includes part of insula
Sensory area for taste
Arises from centers deep within temporal lobes
Sensory area for smell
Association areas of the cortex (8)
Frontal lobe association areas
Parietal lobe association areas
Temporal lobe association areas
Occipital lobe association areas
Insula
Primary motor areas
Broca’s area
Frontal eye field
Lobe associated with concentrating, planning, complex problem solving; emotional behavior, judging consequences of behavior
Frontal lobe
Lobe associated with understanding speech, choosing words to express throughs and feelings
Parietal lobe
Lobe associated with interpreting complex sensory experiences( understanding speech, reading); store memories of visual scenes, music, and complex patterns
Temporal
Lobe associated with analyzing and combining visual images with other sensory experiences
Occipital
Area of Cortex associated with translating sensory information into proper emotional responses
Insula
Three motor areas of the cortex
Primary motor area (motor cortex)
Broca’s area
Frontal eye field
Frontal lobes, control voluntary muscles, most nerve fibers cross over in brainstem (motor area of cortex)
Primary motor area (motor cortex)
Anterior to primary motor cortex, usually I left hemisphere, controls muscles needed for speech (motor areas of cortex)
Broca’s area
Above Broca’s area, controls voluntary movement of eyes and eyelids
Frontal eye field
Hemisphere dominant in most people?
Left hemisphere
Controls language skills of speech writing and reading; verbal analytical and computational skills (dom/non dom hem)
Dominant hemisphere
Controls non-verbal task, motor tasks involving orientation and space, understanding and interpreting musical and visual patterns, provides emotional and intuitive thought processes. (Dom/no dom hem) 
Non-dominant hemisphere
Two major components of the diencephalon
Thalamus and hypothalamus
Gateway for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex. Receives all sensory impulses except for Smell. Director of impulses
Thalamus
Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities such as heart rate BP body temp water and electrolyte balance etc.
Hypothalamus
Controls emotional responses feelings behavior oriented towards survival; reacts to potentially life-threatening upsets
Limbic system
Connects brain to spinal cord
Brainstem
Brainstem consists of
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Rounded bulge on underside of brain stem. Between mid brain and medulla oblongata. Helps regulate rhythm of breathing
Pons
Enlarged continuation of spinal cord. Contains cardiac vasomotor and respiratory control centers. Injuries are often fatal
Medulla oblongata
 Filters incoming sensory information passing some to cerebral cortex and discarding unimportant information nerve fibers scattered throughout brain stem. Also called reticular activating system
Reticular formation
Sleep that is restful and dreamless. Reduce blood pressure and respiratory rate. Person is tired.
Non-rapid eye movement sleep (Nonrem)
Dreaming occurs deep sleep between 3 and 5 AM. Heart and respiratory rates irregular. Some areas of brain are active.
Rapid eye movement sleep REM
Extends downward through vertebral canal. Begins at the foramen magnum and terminates at the first and second lumbar vertebrae space. Consist of 31 segments each giving rise to a pair of spinal nerves
Spinal cord
Helps maintain an upright posture. Contains two neurons sensory and motor. Has only one synapse in spinal cord. Examples patellar or knee-jerk reflex
Monosynaptic stretch reflex
Occurs when a person touches or stepped on something painful example Tac. Prevent or limits tissue damage
Withdrawal reflex
During withdrawal reflex flexors unaffected side contract and extensors are inhibited. Also shifts body weight so person remains upright
Crossed extensor reflex
 Loose connective tissue that surrounds individual axons
Endoneurium
Loose connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Perineurium
Dense connective tissue that surrounds a group of fascicles
Epineurium
Conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord. Type of nerve fiber classification
Sensory nerves
Conduct impulses to muscles or glands. Type of nerve fiber classification
Motor nerves
Contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers. Most are this. All spinal nerves are this except first pair
Mixed nerves
Type of nerve that is associated with special senses most are mixed nerves 12 pairs on underside of brain. Most are attached to the brainstem with the exception of two
Cranial nerves
 Prepares the body for fight or flight situation
 Sympathetic division
Prepares the body for rest and digest activities
Parasympathetic division
Number of spinal nerves
31
