Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is radiation found in nature
Natural radiation
What is radiation found in the nuclear industry and products with radioactive elements
Human man - artificial radiation
What is cosmic radiation from the sun
Natural radiation
What is radioactive substances on earth EX: uranium & Radium
Natural radiation
How can you be contaminated by natural radiation
Inhaled, ingested & air (radon)
What is a dental exposure considered
Artificial radiation
How fast do X-rays travel
At the speed of light
What is a bundle of energy moving in waves in space
X-rays
What do X-rays require (4 things)
Tube (vacuum)
Filament (electrons)
Voltage (acceleration)
Target (anode disk to make it stop suddenly)
What makes electrons
mAs
What sends electrons across to the anode disk
kVp
What does ionizing mean
To alter tissues and organ structures (harmful)
What is Coherent Scattering also called
Thompson or Classical
Which interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons below 10 keV (kiloelectron volts)
Coherent Scattering
What are the two most common types of interactions with matter in radiography
Compton Scattering & Photoelectric Absorption (Effect)
Which interaction with matter causes complete energy absorption
Photoelectric Absorption
Which interaction with matter is the greatest hazard to occupational workers
Compton Scattering
Which interaction with matter is the greatest hazard to patients
Photoelectric Absorption
What is Compton Scattering also known as
Modified Scattering
Which interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons very high (above 1 million electrons volts) (MeV)
Pair Production
What interaction with matter is from energy levels of photons at a minimum of 10 MeV (high)
Photodisintegration
What is the measure of ionization in air as a result of exposure to X-rays or gamma rays
Roentgen
What is the SI Unit for Roentgen
Coulombs per kilogram (C/kg)
What is the amount of energy absorbed
Radiation absorbed dose
What is the unit for Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)
Gray (Gy)
What is the unit that takes into account the dose and type of radiation received
Radiation equivalent Man
What is the SI unit for Radiation Equivilent Man (REM)
Sievert (Sv)
What is the total kinetic energy released in a unit mass of air
Air Kerma
What is Air Kerma measured as
Joules per kilogram (J/Kg)
What is the rate at which a radionuclide decays
Curie
What is curie as known as
The unit of Activity
What is the SI unit for Curie
Becquerels (Bq)
What takes into account the types of radiation exposure and tissue sensitivities
Effective Dose Limits
What is the whole body effective dose limit for an occupational worker
50 mSv (5 REM)
What is the whole body dose limits for the general population
5 mSv (.5 rem)
how do you determine lifetime effective dose limits
10 mSv x age
What is the annual equivalent dose limits for lens of the eyes
150 mSv
What is the annual equivalent dose limits for the skin hands and feet
500 mSv
What is the equivalent dose limit for embryo/fetal exposures - monthly
.5 mSv
What is the annual effective dose limit for education and training exposures (us during clinicals)
1 mSv
What 2 parts is the cell divided into
Nucleus and cytoplasm
What contains the chromosomes in a cell
Nucleus
What can ionizing radiation do to a cell
Destroy or change it.
Can be passed to offspring
Is DNA susceptible to radiation or not
Yes it is
What cells perform all the normal body functions
Somatic cells
What cells are parts of the reproductive cells
Germ cells
Which cells contain 46 chromosomes
Somatic cells
Which cells contain only 23 chromosomes
Germ cells
Which cells divide by mitosis
Somatic
Which cells reproduce through meiosis
Germ cells
What cells are radiosensitive
Basal cells of skin
Crypt cells of small intestine
Germ cells
Which cells are resistant to radiation
Nerve cells
Brain cells
Muscle cells
What can happen to cells that are radio sensitive (response)
Die
Delay mitosis
Fail to divide at a normal rate
Try & repair damage
What are the early effects of radiation exposure
Prodromal
Latent
Manifest
What happens during the prodromal stage
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
What happens during the latent period
Well feeling but body is changing to go to final stage
What happens during the manifest stage
Full extent of exposure
Either recovery or death
What are the late effects of radiation exposure
Somatic Effects & Genetic Effects
Anything that effects you in the long term
What is bone marrow syndrome also known as
Hematopoietic Syndrome
When does bone marrow syndrome occur at
2 to 10 Gy (200 to 1000 Rad)
What does bone marrow syndrome cause
Infection
Hemorrhage
Anemia
When does gastrointestinal syndrome occur
10 to 50 Gy (1000 to 5000 Rad)
What does gastrointestinal syndrome cause
Massive diarrhea
Nausea
Vomiting
Fever
When does CNS syndrome occur
Above 50 Gy (5000 Rad)
What does CNS syndrome cause
Seizures
Coma
Death due to intracranial pressures
3 cardinal rules of protection
Time
Distance
Shielding
What is the occupational workers best defense
Distance
How thick does a lead apron have to be
.25 to 1 mm
Fluro - .5 mm min
What is the primary fixture in radiation protection
What is struck directly by beam
What is secondary fixtures in radiation shielding
Whatever is struck by scatter radiation
What must a pregnant radiographer due
Report pregnancy in writing to get a second dosimeter
What are the 3 types of dosimeters
Optically stimulated Luminescence (OSL)
Thermoluminescent (ours) (TLD)
Pocket (looks like a pen or flash drive)
Which dosimeter reports daily
What detects the prescience of radiation and gives the intensity of the source
Geiger Muller Counter
What is the Geiger muller counter also called
Pancake counter
When is a Geiger muller counter used
During radioactive spills
The use of a lead apron should be used over reproductive organs within what distance of the CR
4-5 cm
