Chapter 9 Flashcards
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
Agribusiness
The process that begin when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer rely entirely and hunting and gathering
Agricultural revolution
Deliberate effort to modify portion of the earth surface through the cultivation of crops and raising of Livestock for assistance or economic growth
agriculture
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
Aquaculture 
A crop that is grown for sale, rather than for the farmers own use
Cash crop
A grass that yields grain for food
Cereal grain
The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the western hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization and trade
Columbian exchange
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
Commercial agriculture
Relatively small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture
Commercial gardening and fruit farming
A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff
Conservation tillage
Any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season
Crop
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to Crop each year to avoid exhaust in the soil
Crop rotation
A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products
Dairy farm
Degradation of land, especially in semi arid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semi arid land degration
Desertification
 The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories
Dietary energy consumption
Harvesting twice a year from the same field
Double cropping
The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters
Fishing
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to save nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Food security
A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtain through use of modern bio technology
GMO
Seed of cereal grass
Grain
Rapid diffusion of new agriculture technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers
Green revolution
 A chemical to control unwanted plants
Herbicide
Growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, And tree crops
Horticulture
A form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia’s Major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to reduce the maximum feasible yield for my parcel of land
Intensive subsistence agriculture
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Milk shed
Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock most of the crops are fed the animals rather than consume directly by humans
Mixed crop and livestock farming
The practice of growing the same single Crop year after year
Monocropping
Farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous years harvest left untouched in the field
No tillage
Farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substance is well prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones
Organic agriculture
Capturing Fish faster then they can reproduce
Overfishing
The Malay word for Wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field
Paddy
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
Pastoral nomadism
A substance To control pests, including weeds
Pesticide
A large farm in tropical and sub tropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually two a more developed country
Plantation
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graises over an extensive area
Ranching
The system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
Ridge tillage
A flooded field for growing rice
Sawah
 An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the 17th century
Second agricultural revolution
A form of subsistance agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left to follow for a relatively long period
Shifting cultivation
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmers family
Subsistence agriculture
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area
Transhumance
Commercial gardening and fruit farm in, surname for the middle English word truck, meeting barter or exchange of commodities
Truck farming 
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
Under nourishment
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery that moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
Wet rice
