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Biology exam 2 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we call cellular respiration a metabolic pathway?

A

Because it is a catabolic pathway that releases stored energy by breaking down complex molecules.

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2
Q

What is the function of cellular respiration?

A

To break down glucose to make ATP

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3
Q

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

glucose and oxygen

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4
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

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5
Q

Redox reactions

A

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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6
Q

What happens when a substrate is reduced?

reduction

A

The substance gains electrons

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7
Q

What happens when the substrate is oxidized?

oxidation

A

The substance loses electrons

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8
Q

acronym to remember reduction vs oxidation

A

LEO says GER

L: lose; E: electrons; O: oxidation

G: gain; E: electrons; R: reduction

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9
Q

Is cellular respiration a redox reaction?

A

yes

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10
Q

In cellular respiration, which molecule is being oxidized

A

Na (sodium)

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11
Q

in cellular respiration, which molecule is being reduced?

A

Cl (chlorine)

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12
Q

Why is it more favorable for an organism to release energy through the steps of cellular respiration instead of all at once?

A

If energy is released from fuel all at once, it cannot be harnessed efficiently for constructive work.

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13
Q

In what parts of the cell do the metabolic pathways of cellular respiration take place?

A

mitochondria and cytoplasm

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14
Q

What are the energetic and/or product outputs of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 H+ and 4 ATP

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15
Q

What are the energetic and/or product outputs of the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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16
Q

What are the energetic and/or product outputs of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

about 26-28 ATP

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17
Q

Where does glycolysis occur? Is this process aerobic?

A

In the cytoplasm, not aerobic

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18
Q

What are the two phases in glycolysis?

A

Energy investment phase: 2 ATP are used during this

Energy payoff phase: 4 ATP made

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19
Q

At what phase in glycolysis is energy used?

A

first phase (energy investment phase)

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20
Q

What enzyme is responsible for starting the reactions of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase

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21
Q

GLYCOLYSIS: What enzyme is responsible for splitting the glucose molecule in two?

A

Aldolase

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22
Q

GLYCOLYSIS: What enzyme is responsible for converting dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)?

A

Isomerase

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23
Q

GLYCOLYSIS: What enzyme is responsible for converting phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate kinase

24
Q

At what point in glycolysis are electrons harvested?

A

Beginning of the second phase (energy payoff phase)

25
Q

GLYCOLYSIS: What molecules are the electrons attached to?

A

NADH

26
Q

GLYCOLYSIS: What is that molecule called when it has or does not have the electrons?

A

With electrons is called NADH and without electrons is called NAD+

27
Q

GLYCOLYSIS: Where do the electrons go?

A

Electrons get transferred to NAD+ to store energy in form NADH

28
Q

At what point is ATP synthesized during glycolysis?

A

In the energy payoff phase

29
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, and 4 ATP

30
Q

For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis how many of these final products are produced?

A

2 ATP molecules are produced

31
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE: Describe the process that converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA.

A

Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

32
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE: What enzyme complex converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

33
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE: At what point is CO2 released and why?

A

When the pyruvate enters the mitochondria

34
Q

Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondria

35
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE: Does substrate-level phosphorylation occur, how many times per cycle?

A

Yes, 1 time per cycle

36
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE: What is produced as a result of each cycle?

A

Each cycle produced 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP

37
Q

Is the citric acid cycle aerobic?

A

Yes.

38
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE: where substrate-level phosphorylation is occurring

A

Phosphorylation occurs in step 5

39
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE: Where do the electrons that are harvested go?

A

The electron transport chain

40
Q

CITRIC ACID CYCLE: At what point is CO2 released and why?

A
  • When the D- isocitrate is converted to a-ketoglutarate

- When the a-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl CoA

41
Q

Where in the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the inner membrane, far right

42
Q

What molecules carry electrons to the machinery of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Cytochromes

43
Q

Explain how the electron transport chain builds up a hydrogen ion (proton) gradient across the membrane.

A

Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.

44
Q

Where is the concentration the greatest? (electron transport chain)

A

In the inner membrane space

45
Q

Is the process of oxidative phosphorylation aerobic?

A

Yes. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain will cease to operate.

46
Q

Compared to glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, how would you describe the amount of ATP that oxidative phosphorylation produces?

A

It produces the most ATP. Around 26 or 28 ATP.

47
Q

Is glucose the only substrate that can be metabolized through aerobic cellular respiration?

A

No. Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates can also be metabolized through aerobic cellular respiration.

48
Q

Fermentation

A

Fermentation uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP

49
Q

What are the reactants of fermentation?

A

glucose and yeast

50
Q

What are the products of fermentation?

A

Ethanol, CO2, and ATP

51
Q

Lactic Acid fermentation

A

NADH is reduced to NADH with no release of CO2. Humans use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce

52
Q

Ethanol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps and Co2 is released.

53
Q

Explain how anaerobic respiration is different from aerobic respiration and fermentation.

A

Anaerobic respiration does not require o2 to produce ATP. And fermentation uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP.

54
Q

Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between a facultative anaerobe and an obligate anaerobe.

A

Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2.

55
Q

What groups of organisms exhibit each of these adaptations? (facultative anaerobe)

A

Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they survive using fermentation or cellular respiration,

56
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Involves the pumping of protons through special channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner to the outer compartment which makes ATP. Hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space diffuse back into the matrix by diffusion via ATP Synthase.

Biology exam 2 (12 decks)

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