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Biology exam 2 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotic cells characteristics

A
  • No nucleus.

- No membrane-bound organelles.

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2
Q

eukaryotic cells characteristics

A
  • DNA in a nucleus

- Membrane bound organelles.

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3
Q

Features common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
  • Surrounded by a plasma membrane.
  • Semifluid substance called cytosol.
  • Chromosome (carry genes)
  • Ribosomes (make proteins)
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4
Q

Why do we call eukaryotic cells “highly compartmentalized”?

A

Compartmentalization allows each compartment to perform specific functions without interference from other cell functions.

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5
Q

Describe the characteristics of life that apply to the cell.

A

Order, homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, energy processing

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6
Q

What type of instruments do scientists use to study cells?

A

microscopes

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7
Q

Are plant and animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

plant and animal cells are eukaryotic

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8
Q

What are some major differences between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells:

  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
  • large vacuoles
  • regular shape

Animal cells:

  • no cell wall
  • no chloroplasts
  • smaller vacuoles
  • irregular shape
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9
Q

what organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

A
  • nuclear membrane; vacuoles
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
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10
Q

Nucleus

A

DNA is organized into chromosomes

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11
Q

Peroxisome

A

Present in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA and protein and carry out protein synthesis.

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13
Q

Free ribosomes

A

ribosomes in the cytosol

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14
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

ribosomes on the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope

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15
Q

Rough ER

A

The surface is studded with ribosomes, distributes transport vesicles, and is a membrane factory for the cell

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16
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks ribosomes, Synthesizes lipids, Stores calcium ions, Metabolized carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies proteins and helps distribute them within the cell

“Gol” think of gold. something made pretty because of the addition of gold

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18
Q

what are cisternae

A

flattened membranous sacs in the Golgi apparatus

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19
Q

parts of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • Cis face: receives information

- Trans face: ships information out

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20
Q

Lysosome

A

can digest macromolecules, phagocytosis, autophagy

21
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating another cell

22
Q

autophagy

A

cell eating itself

23
Q

Mitochondria

A

the site of cellular respiration (ATP is made here)

24
Q

Layers of the mitochondria

A
  • smooth outer membrane

- inner membrane folded into cristae

25
Q

the two compartments of the inner membrane (of the mitochondria)

A
  • intermembrane space

- mitochondrial matrix

26
Q

Vacuoles

A

maintenance compartments

27
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

28
Q

central vacuoles

A

found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

29
Q

Chloroplast

A

found in plants and algae, contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis

30
Q

three membrane layers of chloroplast

A
  • thylakoids stacked to form a granum
  • inner and outer membrane
  • stroma
31
Q

thylakoids

A

membranous sacs

32
Q

stroma

A
  • fluid between inner membrane and thylakoid
  • where sugar is produced
  • where DNA and ribosomes are found
33
Q

granum

A

stacks of thylakoids which hold chlorophyll

34
Q

cell wall

A

an extracellular structure of plant cells that protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

35
Q

what is the cell wall made out of

A

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

36
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels that allow water and small solutes to pass from cell to cell

37
Q

cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles

38
Q

Three types of molecular structures in the cytoskeleton

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
39
Q

microtubules

A
  • size: 15-25 nanometers

- flagella, cillia

40
Q

microfilaments

A
  • size: 7 nanometers

- cell shape, cell division

41
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • size: 8-12 nanometers
42
Q

centrosome

A

is located in the cytoplasm usually close to the nucleus. It consists of two centrioles.

43
Q

function of the centrosome

A

to organize the microtubules and provide a structure to the cell.

44
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) functions

A

Regulation, Adhesion, Movement, Support

RAMS

45
Q

what cellular structures occur in plant cells

A

Nucleus, peroxisome, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata, cytoskeleton

46
Q

what cellular structures occur in animal cells

A

Nucleus, peroxisome, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata, cytoskeleton, centrioles

47
Q

what cellular structures occur in prokaryotic cells

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome

48
Q

What is a vesicle and how do cells use them?

A

A vesicle is proteins surrounded by membranes and cells use them to transport materials

Biology exam 2 (12 decks)

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