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Biology exam 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

In what ways is aerobic cellular respiration tied to photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms (self feeding)

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3
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtain their organic material from other organisms (feed on others)

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4
Q

What is the chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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5
Q

The products of photosynthesis equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

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6
Q

the reactants of photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O

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7
Q

Describe how the atoms of the reaction are rearranged during photosynthesis.

A

Carbon dioxide and water are combined and their atoms are rearranged to form a sugar molecule.

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8
Q

How does the chemical reaction of photosynthesis compare with the chemical reaction of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse.

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9
Q

Do both photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in plants?

A

yes

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10
Q

Leaves

A

the major location of photosynthesis

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11
Q

chlorophyll

A

the green pigment within chloroplasts

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12
Q

where is chlorophyll found

A

in the cells of the mesophyll

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13
Q

mesophyll

A

the interior tissue of the leaf

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14
Q

how many chloroplasts are in each mesophyll cell?

A

30-40 chloroplasts

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15
Q

stomata

A

CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through these microscopic pores

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16
Q

what happens inside the leaf?

A

CO2 moves into the chloroplasts

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17
Q

what membrane is the chlorophyll in

A

thylakoids

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18
Q

thylakoids

A

connected sacs in the chloroplast

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19
Q

thylakoids are stacked into

A

grana (plural); Granum (singular)

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20
Q

what do chloroplasts contain?

A

stroma

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21
Q

stroma

A

a dense interior fluid

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22
Q

function of thylakoids of chloroplasts

A

transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

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23
Q

function of photosynthesis

A

to transform water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into oxygen, and simple sugars that the plant uses as fuel.

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24
Q

function of the light reaction in photosynthesis

A

use water and light to produce ATP and NADPH or chemical energy that the cell can use.

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25
Q

function of the Calvin cycle (light-independent reaction)

A

uses the energy produced in ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.

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26
Q

what type of energy is light

A

electromagnetic energy

27
Q

where does electromagnetic energy (light) originate from

A

the sun

28
Q

What is the visible light spectrum?

A

The visible light spectrum is the segment of the electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can view.

29
Q

How does light behave?

A

as though it consists of discrete particles, called photons, which travel in rhythmic waves

30
Q

What order does the electromagnetic spectrum go (short -> long)?

A

Gamma rays, X-rays, UV, Infrared, Microwaves, Radio waves

31
Q

How does wavelength affect energy?

A
  • Shorter wavelength = higher energy

- Longer wavelength = less energy

32
Q

Pigment

A

a substance that absorbs visible light

33
Q

What is the function of pigments in photosynthetic organisms?

A

Uses the green pigment chlorophyll along with several red and yellow pigments that help to capture as much light energy as possible.

34
Q

what happens when pigments ABSORB wavelengths

A

energy is taken in; colors that are missing are absorbed

35
Q

what happens when pigments REFLECT wavelengths

A

energy bounce off; colors you see are the ones that are reflected

36
Q

what happens when pigments TRANSMIT wavelengths

A

energy goes through, not taken in

37
Q

What is chlorophyll excitation?

A

When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable

38
Q

On what membrane do all photosynthetic organisms execute the light reactions?

A

thylakoid membrane

39
Q

What proteins are integral to the light reactions?

A

Photosystem II and Photosystem I

40
Q

What is the function of NADP?

A

functions as a carrier to transfer high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

41
Q

What is the role of the thylakoid space and the stroma in the light reactions?

A

The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane, and the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma.

42
Q

Describe the action of the electron transport chain between photosystems I and II.

A

Each electron “falls” down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS II to PS I (H2O -> P680 -> P700 -> NADPH)

43
Q

How does photosynthesis differ from the mitochondria in terms of the hydrogen ion concentration gradient?

A

It doesn’t really differ. Only the location is different

44
Q

In linear electron flow, what is the action of photosystem I?

A

Electrons move linearly from PSII to PSI and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

45
Q

How does the linear electron flow send electrons to the Calvin cycle?

A

as part of NADPH

46
Q

How does the ATP synthase generate ATP through chemiosmosis in photosynthesis?

A

The same way as in cellular respiration

47
Q

where is the ATP made in photosynthesis used

A

the Calvin cycle

48
Q

Linear electron flow

A
  • the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
  • releases energy
49
Q

cyclic electron flow

A
  • uses only photosystem I and produces ATP but not NADPH

- No oxygen is released

50
Q

Does the ATP produced go to the Calvin cycle?

A

Cyclic electron flow generates a surplus of ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle

51
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

in the stroma of the chloroplast

52
Q

Does the Calvin Cycle utilize or generate ATP?

A

utilizes ATP

53
Q

Calvin cycle: What products do the light reactions contribute to?

A

ATP and NADPH

54
Q

Calvin cycle: What is the role of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate(RuBP)?

A

It is the starting and ending molecule of the Calvin cycle

55
Q

Calvin cycle: What is Rubisco, and what does it do?

A

the enzyme that attaches carbon dioxide to RuBP (Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) during carbon fixation

56
Q

How many CO2 molecules must enter the Calvin cycle to produce one G3P?

A

3

57
Q

How many times must the cycle occur to produce one G3P?

A

3

58
Q

What do photosynthetic organisms synthesize with G3P?

A

Glucose and other organic molecules

59
Q

How is G3P generated during glycolysis?

A

When the six-carbon sugar is split into two three-carbon sugars by aldolase

60
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP in the Calvin cycle, consuming O2and organic fuel, and releasing CO2

61
Q

Why does photorespiration occur?

A

On hot, dry days, plants close stomata to avoid dehydration, which conserves H2O but also limits photosynthesis by reducing access to CO2

62
Q

How does photorespiration affect the plant’s carbon-fixing efficiency?

A

It uses organic material from the Calvin cycle and actually releases carbon dioxide.

63
Q

What alternative carbon fixation systems have evolved?

A

Some plants have evolved an adaptive mechanism that minimizes photorespiration. These plants use a different pathway called C4 photosynthesis.

Biology exam 2 (12 decks)

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