chapter 9

Question 1

Rosalind Franklin founded

Answer 1

x ray diffraction pattern of dna; this helped find the double helix structure

Question 2

what three things are each nucleotide made of?

Answer 2

phosphate, sugar and a base

Question 3

what kind of nucleotides are DNA and RNA

Answer 3

polynucleotides

Question 4

difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 4

different element at 2’, H in deoxyribose and OH at ribose

Question 5

what is dna made of

Answer 5

two polynucleotide joined together by two hydrogen bases, twisted into helical shape

Question 6

where is the sugar phosphate bone

Answer 6

on the outside

Question 7

where are the nitrogenous bases (pair)

Answer 7

they are perpendicular to each other in the interior

Question 8

what forms when A pairs with T

Answer 8

two hydrogen bonds

Question 9

what forms when G pairs with C

Answer 9

three hydrogen bond

Question 10

where is DNA found in

Eukaryotes:

Prokaryotes:

Answer 10

Eukaryotes: Nucleus

Prokaryotes: Nucleoid (cytoplasm)

Question 11

What happens in cell replication? (how does it work)

Answer 11

DNA is broken into two, forms / pairs with a new strand

Question 12

What direction does DNA replication happen in?

Answer 12

5’->3’

Question 13

replication is continuous on

Answer 13

3’->5’

Question 14

replication is discontinuous (forms short segments) on

Answer 14

5’->3’

Question 15

dna replication begins at _____ and ____ to produce a bubble

Answer 15

the origin; unwinds

Question 16

helicase ___ the helix

Answer 16

unwinds

Question 17

where is the nucleotides add to the growing chain? (dna polymerase)

Answer 17

end of 3’; can only be added where there is an OH

Question 18

backbone is sealed by

Answer 18

DNA Ligase

Question 19

DNA is transcribed to

Answer 19

RNA

Question 20

RNA is transcribed to

Answer 20

Protein

Question 21

how is the phenotype determined

Answer 21

presences and action of protein

Question 22

sequence of dna provides

Answer 22

code for constructing protein

Question 23

Transcription means

Answer 23

to rewrite the DNA code to RNA using its “language”

Question 24

words in the translation are called

Answer 24

codon

Question 25

RNA to protein “language” is

Answer 25

Nucleotide “language” to amino acid “language”

Question 26

codon

Answer 26

three nucleotides specify one amino acid

Question 27

redundant

Answer 27

more than one codon can make this amino acid

Question 28

ambiguous

Answer 28

codon made for one amino acid that does not code with others

Question 29

Stages of transcription:

Initiation-

Elongation-

Termination-

Answer 29

Initiation- RNA polymerase binds to a promoter while helix unfolds

Elongation- RNA added to the chain (tracks DNA template in 5’->3’ ; unwinds and rewinds DNA as it is read)

Termination-RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequences and detaches from template

Question 30

introns

Answer 30

eukaryotic mRNA

Question 31

exons

Answer 31

separates coding regions

Question 32

mutation

Answer 32

change in nucleotide sequence

Question 33

spontaneous mutation

Answer 33

happens because on an error in dna replication of recombination

Question 34

RNA splicing

Answer 34

removing of introns to join exons together producing continuous coding sequences

Question 35

rRNA

Answer 35

ribose RNA

Question 36

mRNA

Answer 36

messenger RNA

Question 37

tRNA

Answer 37

transport RNA