chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rosalind Franklin founded

A

x ray diffraction pattern of dna; this helped find the double helix structure

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2
Q

what three things are each nucleotide made of?

A

phosphate, sugar and a base

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3
Q

what kind of nucleotides are DNA and RNA

A

polynucleotides

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4
Q

difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

different element at 2’, H in deoxyribose and OH at ribose

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5
Q

what is dna made of

A

two polynucleotide joined together by two hydrogen bases, twisted into helical shape

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6
Q

where is the sugar phosphate bone

A

on the outside

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7
Q

where are the nitrogenous bases (pair)

A

they are perpendicular to each other in the interior

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8
Q

what forms when A pairs with T

A

two hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

what forms when G pairs with C

A

three hydrogen bond

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10
Q

where is DNA found in

Eukaryotes:

Prokaryotes:

A

Eukaryotes: Nucleus

Prokaryotes: Nucleoid (cytoplasm)

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11
Q

What happens in cell replication? (how does it work)

A

DNA is broken into two, forms / pairs with a new strand

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12
Q

What direction does DNA replication happen in?

A

5’->3’

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13
Q

replication is continuous on

A

3’->5’

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14
Q

replication is discontinuous (forms short segments) on

A

5’->3’

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15
Q

dna replication begins at _____ and ____ to produce a bubble

A

the origin; unwinds

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16
Q

helicase ___ the helix

A

unwinds

17
Q

where is the nucleotides add to the growing chain? (dna polymerase)

A

end of 3’; can only be added where there is an OH

18
Q

backbone is sealed by

A

DNA Ligase

19
Q

DNA is transcribed to

A

RNA

20
Q

RNA is transcribed to

A

Protein

21
Q

how is the phenotype determined

A

presences and action of protein

22
Q

sequence of dna provides

A

code for constructing protein

23
Q

Transcription means

A

to rewrite the DNA code to RNA using its “language”

24
Q

words in the translation are called

A

codon

25
Q

RNA to protein “language” is

A

Nucleotide “language” to amino acid “language”

26
Q

codon

A

three nucleotides specify one amino acid

27
Q

redundant

A

more than one codon can make this amino acid

28
Q

ambiguous

A

codon made for one amino acid that does not code with others

29
Q

Stages of transcription:

Initiation-

Elongation-

Termination-

A

Initiation- RNA polymerase binds to a promoter while helix unfolds

Elongation- RNA added to the chain (tracks DNA template in 5’->3’ ; unwinds and rewinds DNA as it is read)

Termination-RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequences and detaches from template

30
Q

introns

A

eukaryotic mRNA

31
Q

exons

A

separates coding regions

32
Q

mutation

A

change in nucleotide sequence

33
Q

spontaneous mutation

A

happens because on an error in dna replication of recombination

34
Q

RNA splicing

A

removing of introns to join exons together producing continuous coding sequences

35
Q

rRNA

A

ribose RNA

36
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

37
Q

tRNA

A

transport RNA